Lecture 3 (From Geographic Features to GIS Data: Representing Geography) Flashcards
The Value of Maps
1) Represent the world
2) Communicate the geographic information to each other
Sensing the World
- Personal experience limited in time and space (one human lifetime/ a small fraction of the earth’s surface)
- All additional knowledge comes from books, media, movies, maps, images, and other information sources (From indirect or “remote” sensing)
- DIGITAL REPRESENTATION HAS MANY USES BECAUSE OF ITS SIMPLICITY AND LOW COST.
Representations
- Needed to CONVEY information
- Fit information into a STANDARD form or model
Almost always SIMPLIFY THE TRUTH that is being represented
Simplification and Standardization
They help us assemble far more knowledge about the Earth than it is possible on our own.
The importance of representation in GIS
- Spatial interpolation in places where no observations were made ( SOIL CHARACTERISTICS and RAINFALL)
- TOBLER’s FIRST LAW OF GEOGRAPHY - “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than those far away.”
EX. UN/FAO Soil Map of the U.S. and Average Annual Precipitation, 1971-2000 in Oregon
Key Issues of GIS Representation
Accuracy of Representation
- Details can be irrelevant, or too expensive and voluminous to record.
- What to represent? / What to leave out?
- How to represent the infinitely complex world?
NONE IS PERFECT AND IDEAL FOR ALL APPLICATIONS
- What is missing in a representation?
“How to lie with maps”
Mark Monmonier, 1991 and 1996 “If a picture is worth a thousand words, a map can be worth a million –but beware. All maps distort reality …In short, the author warns, all maps must tell white
lies.” (Distinguished Professor of Geography at the Maxwell School of Syracuse University)
Approximations of the Earth’s Shape
a) Sphere O
b) Ellipsoid
c) Geoid
- Note that the shape of the ellipsoid and geoid are highly exaggerated for illustrative purposes.
GEODESY - the science of earth measurement.
Map Projection Process
Terrestrial Surface -> Geoid -> Ellipsoid -> Nominal or generating globe -> 2D Map
The Fundamental Problem
- The geographic world is infinitely complex, but computer systems are finite.
- The more closely we look at the world the more detail it reveals.
- REPRESENTATION is all about the CHOICES to capture information about the world.
We must somehow limit the amount of detail in the digital representations.
The Fundamental Problem
- Common strategies for limiting detail (Throw away or ignore information that applies only to a small area - Spatial resolution - the degree of detail/ Ex. 10km, anything less that 10km across is virtually invisible/ Large or small scales).
- Observe many properties remain constant over large areas.
Scales
Small, Medium, Large - In this way, we classify the world into fewer groups and also make our database to be much simpler.
Geographic Attributes
- Geographic information links a place, time, and ATTRIBUTE (DESCRIPTIVE PROPERTY). “The temperature at noon local time on 1/23/2011, at 34N, 120 W was 43 Fahrenheit”
- Geographic attributes describe all kinds of properties (PHYSICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC)
Types of Attributes
Nominal -> land cover class, name (EX. State name)
Ordinal -> a ranking
Interval -> temperature
Ratio -> Income, weight (EX. Income Map)
Cyclic -> Wind/ slope direction (Ex. Wind direction and Wind Rose Map)
Discrete Objects and Continuous Fields
- The most fundamental distinction in geographic representation
