Lecture 3 - episodic memory Flashcards
What is episodic memory?
Life events and personal
encoding - Penfield
mapping of brain functions
stimulate different areas to see what happens
vivid recollections of the past linked to specific areas of the brain
effects of exposure
frequency, time and attention
rich and more detailed
quality of representation
imagery and richness
distinctiveness
imagery/richness - image superiority effect
Ghering, Toglia, Kimble (1976)
delay between encoding and memory test
at every point the picture was remembered better than the words
rate of decay similar but overall picture more deeply processed
imagery/richness - study of word pairs
Bower & Winzenz (1970)
silent study - mental image created
visualise it yourself rather than being given an image
imagery = superior memory
imagery/richness - effects of dual coding
richer memory representation
storing a memory of the image and the word so two areas of the brain holing the information
imagery/richness - production effect MacLeod 2010
producing the words verbally = better recognition
stored as visual and verbal coding
distinctiveness?
Very broad term – anything from the intrinsic properties
distinctiveness - isolation effect
something different from everything around it
distinctiveness - depth of processing
Craik & Tulving (1975)
Structural, phonemic, semantic
Conditions low to high depth of processing
Surface features
what is retrieval
to get at information in memory you must reinstate the context in which the memory was created.
what is retrieval
to get at information in memory you must reinstate the context in which the memory was created.
memory interference in retrieval
have to sort through similar memories first
more distinct it is the easier it is to find
cued recall
retrieval - encoding specificity
Memory is better if the retrieval context matches the encoding context, even just mentally
Tulving & Thompson (1970)
