Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PPHC > Lecture 3: Epidemiology: How do we measure disease? > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Epidemiology: How do we measure disease? Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Science of DISTRIBUTION and FREQUENCY of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Distribution of disease involve?

A
  • Person
  • Place
  • Time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does frequency of disease involve?

A

Incidence and Prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can epidemiology do

A

DEPC:
Describe, explain, predict, control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe in DEPC

A

Describe health of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain in DEPC

A

Explain etiology (cause) of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Predict in DEPC

A

Predict occurrence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Control in DEPC

A

Control distribution of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the assumptions of epidemiology?

A
  1. Disease does not occur randomly
  2. Disease has causal and preventative factors that we can
    identify through systematic investigation of different
    people at different places or times
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 types of epidemiology?

A
  • Descriptive
  • Analytic
  • Experimental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the goal of descriptive epidemiology?

A

To examine patterns of disease, health behaviours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the goal of analytic epidemiology

A

To evaluate relationships between risk/protective factors and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the goal of experimental epidemiology?

A

To evaluate effect of treatment/intervention on disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the foundation for all the types of epidemiology?

A

Foundation for all is being able to MEASURE PATTERNS (OCCURRENCE) OF DISEASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the types of measures of disease occurrence?

A
  • Rank
  • Count(s)
  • Ratio
    - Proportion
    - Rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the key consideration for count, ratio, proportion, and rate?

A

Who, what is in numerator and/or denominator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does rank measure?

A

Measures the order of disease
occurrence

ex. Arthritis and other rheumatic
conditions are a leading cause of
work disability among US adults
* Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the US

18
Q

What does count measure?

A

Measure(s) the number of
persons who have a given
disease (no denominator)

Ex. Number of female(s) with disease
X (red)

19
Q

What is a ratio? What does it allow for?

A

The quotient of two numbers

  • Numerator not necessarily included in denominator (no specific relationship between numerator and denominator)
  • Allows comparison of quantities of different nature
  • Ex. male to female ratio
20
Q

Measures of association in epidemiologic students are?

A

Ratios
* Relative risk (RR) (or Rate ratio or Risk ratio)
* Odds ratio (OR)

21
Q

What is a proportion?

A
  • The quotient of 2 numbers
  • Numerator is necessarily included in the denominator
  • Expressed as a fraction, decimal, or percentages
22
Q

What is rate?

A
  • The quotient of two numbers
  • Numerator
    • Number of ‘events’ (new cases
      of disease) observed for a given
      time
  • Denominator
  • Population in which events occur
  • Includes time
  • Ex. 1/10 = 0.1 per year
  • 5-year cancer survival rate
  • Ratio of people who are alive for 5
    years after cancer diagnosis to
    people in the general population
    who are alive over the same 5 year
    interval
23
Q

What is prevalence?

A
  • All individuals affected by disease at a particular time
  • “Refer to individuals as “prevalent cases” or “active cases”
24
Q

What is Incidence?

A
  • New individuals with a disease during a particular period of time
  • Refer to individuals as “incident cases” or “new cases”
25
Q

Prevalence (a proportion) Definition

A

Proportion of a population affected by a disease at a specific time

Prevalence = Number of individuals with disease at specific time/Number of individuals in population

*Usually expressed as a percentage

26
Q

What is point prevalence?

A

Proportion of a population affected by a disease at a point in time (e.g., prevalence of type 2 diabetes on December 31, 2020

27
Q

What is period prevalence?

A

Proportion of a population affected by a disease during a certain period of time (e.g., prevalence of diabetes in 2020)

28
Q

What is the definition of Incidence?

A

The number of new cases of a disease that develop over
time

29
Q

What is Incidence proportion

A
  • Cumulative incidence

Incidence proportion= Number of new cases of disease over period of time/Number of individuals at risk for disease at beginning of time period

  • Ex. 4/10 = 0.4
    40% (expressed as percentage) OR
    = 4 cases per 10 population during 5 year period
    = 0.8 cases per 10 population per year
    = 8 cases per 100 per year
30
Q

What is incidence rate?

A
  • Incidence density

Incidence rate = Number of new cases of disease over period of time/𝚺 person-time

31
Q

What does person-time from incidence rate mean?

A

Time each person was observed

Consider:
* 1 person at risk of a disease observed for 1 year = 1 person-year
* 1 person at risk of a disease observed for 1 month = 1 person-month
* Can be presented in many different ways:
* 10 cases per 1000 person-years
* 1 case per 100 person-years
* 0.1 cases per 10 person-years
* 0.01 cases per 1 person-year

32
Q

Incidence proportion: Numerator

A
  • New cases
33
Q

Incidence proportion: Denominator:

A

Number of individuals at beginning of period

34
Q

Incidence proportion: Time period

A
  • Specified but not included in calculation
35
Q

Incidence rate: Numerator

A

New cases

36
Q

Incidence rate: Denominator

A

Person-time

37
Q

Incidence rate time

A

Incorporates time directly into denominator

38
Q

Prevalence “Disease Burden”

A
  • Measure population disease status
  • Help plan health care delivery
  • Indicate groups who should be targeted
39
Q

Incidence “Disease Risk”

A
  • Assess frequency of disease onset
  • Estimate risk of disease development
  • Study risk factors for disease
  • Evaluate preventive interventions
40
Q
A

PPHC (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions