Lecture 3 - Data collection and health outcomes

Question 1

what is the type of health outcomes?

Answer 1

Record- based outcomes
Biological/clinical outcomes
Clinician/ patient- reported outcomes (PROs)

Question 2

What are types of record- based outcomes?

Answer 2

• Mortality
• Disease incidence

Question 3

What are types of biological/clinical outcomes?

Answer 3

Lab results
BMI
Blood pressure

Question 4

What are types of clinician/ patients- reported outcomes?

Answer 4

Symptom scores
Health-related quality of life

Question 5

What are health outcomes?

Answer 5

the impacts that healthcare activities have on people

Question 6

What are the 3 types of validity?

Answer 6

1. construct
2. content validity
3. face falidity

Question 7

What is validity ask us to consider?

Answer 7

does the outcome measure what it is supposed to measure

Question 8

What does construct validity ask us to consider?

Answer 8

Construct validity is about how well a test measures the concept it was designed to evaluate

are the constructs that should be related indeed related (convergent) and does it measure what it shouldn’t (discriminant) ?

Question 9

What are the 2 types of construct validity

Answer 9

1. Convergent validity
2. Discriminant validity

Question 10

What is convergent validity?

Answer 10

Convergent validity: The extent to which your measure corresponds to measures of related constructs

Question 11

What is discriminant validity?

Answer 11

The extent to which your measure is unrelated or negatively related to measures of distinct constructs

Question 12

What does content validity ask us to consider?

Answer 12

if the outcome measures all facets of a given construct

Question 13

What does face validity ask us to consider?

Answer 13

does the outcome appear to measure what it should measure?

Question 14

What are the two types of reliability?

Answer 14

1) test-retest reliability
2) inter-rate reliability

Question 15

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 15

the consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same person twice

Question 16

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 16

degree of agreement among raters (when different assessors perform the test)

Question 17

What level of responsiveness should be used in data collection?

Answer 17

the outcome should be able to detect real changes when they occur

Question 18

Give 4 uses of health outcomes:

Answer 18

1) clinical trials
2) to identify health gaps to promote equality
3) to identify which Trusts/ regions are more effective to promote quality improvement at a local level
4) to set performance targets and monitor these over time

Question 19

Give 5 common issues seen in data collection:

Answer 19

1) Response shift
2) differential item functioning
3) selection bias
4) varied timing of assessment
5) missing data

Question 20

Describe the issue of response shift found in data collection:

Answer 20

different individuals have different interpretations of situations which could affect the way the answer questionnaires

Question 21

Describe the use with differential item functioning in data collection:

Answer 21

language, culture, age, gender and treatment may affect responses to questionnaires

Question 22

Describe the issue of selection bias in data collection:

Answer 22

‘good’ patients can be overrepresented

Question 23

Describe the issue with timing of assessments when collecting data:

Answer 23

the time at which patients are asked to complete questionnaires may affect their responses

Question 24

Describe the issue with missing data when analysing data:

Answer 24

people who die or drop out may mean those with a better prognosis will be better represented