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JESS Introduction To Psychology > Lecture 3 - Biological Bases Of Human Thought And Behaviour > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Biological Bases Of Human Thought And Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Antony Van Leeuwenhoek and what was his year of birth and death?

A

Great Dutch researcher During the Black Plague times who studies the biology of the plague. 1632 - 1723

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2
Q

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to?

A

Observe microorganisms from a magnifying lens or microscope.

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3
Q

What did Antony Van Leeuwenhoek refer to the microorganism he observed as?

A

Cavorting, wee beasties. Animules and beasties.

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4
Q

The Black Death was caused by the bacterium named?

A

Yersinia Pestis

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5
Q

We need to know to know about neurons because?

A

To understand the full complexity of behaviour

Neurons are the building blocks of dreams, thought and cognition

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6
Q

What is the CNS

A

Central nervous system

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7
Q

What is the PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

The PNS sends information via the sensory systems in the body (from the organs and tissue) to the:

A

CNS

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9
Q

Once the CNS has received information from the PNS where does it send instructions to?

A

Muscles and glands

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10
Q

The basics of the nervous system are?

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory Neurons (afferent) - transmit information from sensory cells to the brain

Motor neurons (efferent) - transmit commands commands from the brain to the muscles and glands of the body

Interneurons - nerve cells that connect neurons to other neurons

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12
Q

Neurons are surrounded by a membrane that allows some jobs to pass through and blocks the passage of other ions. This type of membrane is called?

A

Semi permeable

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13
Q

Firing of a neuron

There are 4 important Ions in the nervous system m. What are they are they are what are their signs?

A

Sodium (1 positive charge, Na+)

Potassium (1 positive charge, K+)

Calcium (2 positive charges, Ca++)

Chloride (has a negative charge, CI-)

There are also negatively charged protein molecules

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14
Q

Resting membrane potential

When a neuron is not sending a signal it is?

A

At rest

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15
Q

At rest, is the inside of a neuron positively or negatively charged relative to the outside?

A

Negatively

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16
Q

The cell membrane only allows some ions to pass through channels in the membrane. At rest, potassium (K+) can cross through the membrane easily. What Ions have a more difficult time?

A

Chloride ions (k+)

Sodium ions (Na+)

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17
Q

A sodium-potassium ion pump moves what type of ions in and out and how many of each as opposed to the other?

A

Three sodium ions out of the neuron for every two potassium ions it puts in

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18
Q

When a neuron is stimulated by another, the cell is:

A

Depolarised

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19
Q

Charge on the inside of a resting neuron at rest is what?

A

-70mv

Negative 70 millivolts

20
Q

What is the number of millivolts that is the threshold of an action potential?

A

-55 mv

Negative 55 millivolts is action potential threshold

21
Q

Once an action potential is triggered at the beginning of the axon, it is then propagated down the axon to the terminal button where it will then communicate it to another:

A

Axon

22
Q

There are no big or small action potentials in one nerve cell. All action potentials are the same size. The neuron either does not reach the threshold or a full action potential is fired. This is the —— principal:

A

”ALL OR NONE” principal

23
Q

The action potential propagates along the ——— to the ———:

A

Propagates along to axon to the axon terminal (terminal buttons)

24
Q

In response to a signal, the soma end of the axon becomes ————— :

A

Depolarised

25
Q

In response to a signal, where the soma end of the axon has become depolarized, where does this depolarization spread and what happens to the first part of the membrane that the depolarization has spread from:

A

The depolarization spreads down the AXON. The first part of the membrane repolarizes.

** this is because Na+ channels are inactivated and additional K+ channels have opened, the membrane cannot depolarise again.

26
Q

Synapse

The synapse separates the axon terminal on one neuron from the dendrite on another neuron

The axon terminal is the ————

The dendrite is usually the ———-

A

The axon terminal is the PRE-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

The dendrite is usually the POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

27
Q

A microscopic gap is left between two Neurons (sending and receiving). What is this called?

A

Synaptic cleft

28
Q

An action potential cannot cross the synaptic cleft between neurons. Instead the nerve impulse is carried by chemicals called ———-

A

neurotransmitters

29
Q

Inside the terminal button are ——— which contain neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicles

30
Q

Neurotransmitters can either increase of decrease neural firing. What are the two names of these?

A

Excitatory - increases neural firing

Inhibitory - decrease neural firing

31
Q

Difference between Depolarisation and hyperpolarisation:

A

Depolarization process of making it more likely that the nerve is going to fire

Hyperpolarization is the process of making it less likely that the post synaptic neuron is going to fire an action potential

32
Q

Neurotransmitters produce stronger effects through:

A

Summation

33
Q

What are the two types of summation:

A

Temporal summation (multiple postsynaptic potentials occurring at the same receptor site)

Or

Partial summation (multiple postsynaptic potentials all occurring simultaneously at different receptor sites)

34
Q

What do we need to know about Neurons?

A

Because it allows us to understand why painkillers work

How antidepressants help decrease depression

Why people with multiple sclerosis have memory problems

35
Q

What neurotransmitter is a widely distributed excitatory transmitter, triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the excretion of certain hormones and is involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, aggression, sexuality and thirst among other things?

A

Acetylcholine

36
Q

What disorder is associated with a lack of acetylcholine in certain regions of the brain?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

37
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in controlling movement and posture, mode images mood, plays a central role in positive reinforcement and dependency

A

Dopamine

38
Q

What neurotransmitter is an inhibitory neurotransmitter widely distributed to the neurons of the cortex, contributes to motor control, vision and many other cortical functions and also regulates anxiety?

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutric acid)

39
Q

What neurotransmitter is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is associated with learning and memory?

A

Glutamate

40
Q

Some drugs that increase the level of GABA in the brain are used to treat what disorders?

A

Epilepsy and to treat the trembling of Huntington’s disease.

41
Q

Seretonin contributes to various functions. List 5

A 
Regulating body temperature 
Sleep 
Mood 
Appetite 
Pain
42
Q

Imbalances if what neurotransmitter are linked to depression, suicide, impulsive behaviour and aggressiveness?

A

Serotonin

43
Q

What neurotransmitter is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, learning, is released as a hormone in the blood and causes blood vessels to contract and heart rate to increase

A

Norepinephrine

44
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) plays a role in mood disorders such as

A

Manic depression

45
Q

What are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

46
Q

Which Nervous system is responsible for Fight or Flight?

A

Sympathetic.

47
Q

Coordination between eye and hand is normal if a split-brain patient uses the left hand to find and match an object that appears in the left visual field because both are registered in the…which hemisphere? *

A

Right

JESS Introduction To Psychology (5 decks)

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