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JESS Introduction To Psychology > Lectue 5 Conciousness > Flashcards

Lectue 5 Conciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key structures of the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation

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2
Q

The cerebellum is important for

A

Balance and the coordination of movement

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3
Q

The medulla is important for

A

Unconscious but vital bodily functions related to breathing, blood flow, muscle tone and reflexes

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4
Q

The midbrain consists of

A

The tectum and the tegmentum

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5
Q

In the midbrain what is the function of the tectum -

A

orienting to visual and auditory stimuli

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6
Q

In the midbrain what is the function of the tegmentum

A

Includes reticular formation. Is involved with movement and arrousal. Plays an important role in learning to produce behaviours that minimise unpleasant (aversive) consequences and maximise pleasant (rewarding) consequences

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7
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subcortical structures of the cerebrum (limbic system)
Cerebral cortex
(frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes)

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8
Q

The forebrain -

What is the function of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

A

The thalamus receives and sends on all sensory information to the relevant area, some integration of information happens here too

The hypothalamus helps regulate behaviour like eating, sleeping, sexual activity and emotional experience

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9
Q

In the forebrain the lymbic system is loosely composed of a number of structures what are they?

A

Parts of the thalamus

Hippocampus
(Memory: particularly the storage of long term memories)

Amygdala
(Play a key role in processing emotions)
- mammillary body

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10
Q

Conscious vs conscious processes

A

Unconscious

Fast and efficient
Supports adaptive responses to external stimuli
Can operate simultaneously
Can influence behaviour

Conscious

Slower
More deliberate
More effortful

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11
Q

Functions of consciousness

A

Monitoring mental events (self environment)
Regulating thought and behaviour

(Consciousness May have evolved to direct or control behaviour in adaptive way)

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12
Q

The neural basis of consciousness

Consciousness is distributed throughout the brain:

A

Hindbrain and midbrain and important for stoical and for sleep

Damage to the reticular formation can lead to coma

Prefrontal cortex is key for conscious control of information processing

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13
Q

Variations in consciousness

A 
Circadian rhythms
Sleep
Mediation 
Hypnosis
Religious experiences
Mind altering drugs
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14
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

A cyclical biological process that evolved around the daily cycle of light and dark eg sleep

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15
Q

Internal biological clock regulates:

A

Arousal level, metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, hormonal activity

Most reach their peak during the day (afternoon) are lowest during sleep

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16
Q

Internal clock establishes 18-24 hour cycle

A

External time cues (exposure to sunlight) provides adjustment

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17
Q

Symptoms of jet lag

A

Fatigue, irresistible sleepiness. Unusual sleep-wake cycles, influenced by direction of travel and number of time zones passed through.

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18
Q

Heart surgery survival chances are better in the afternoon why?

A

Heart is stronger and better able to withstand surgery in the afternoon than in the morning

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19
Q

Individual differences in circadian rhythms occur in all individuals, but exact timing differs from person to person = different chronotypes

A

Different chronotypes have different preferred patterns of sleep and wakefulness

Morning types (lark): early to bed and early to rise

Eventing types (owl): late to bed and late to rise

20
Q

Variations in consciousness

These are states in which the usual ways of perceiving, thinking and feeling are changed or disrupted:

A 
Circadian rhythms 
Sleep
Mediation 
Hypnosis 
Religious experiences 
Mind-altering drugs
21
Q

The nature and evolution of sleep

Behavioural characteristics of sleep

A
  • minimal movement
  • stereotyped posture
    Require a high degree of stimulation to arouse organism

Duration of sleep needed varies amongst species

22
Q

Functions of sleep

A

Memory consolidation
Energy conservation
Preservation from predators
Restoring bodily functions
-sleep deprivation can alter immune function and lead to early death
-sleep deprivation can also lead to hallucinations and perceptual disorders

23
Q

Sleep research

Instruments:

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG) - measures brain electrical activity

Electromyograph (EMG) - measures muscle activity

Electropcoculograph (EOG) - eye movements
- other bodily functions also observed

24
Q

States of sleep

Non rem (nrem) sleep

Describe:

A

Has 4 stages
No rapid eye movement occurs
Seems to help us recover from daily fatigue
Accounts for 75% - 80% of total sleep time

25
Q

Rapid eye movement sleep

REM Sleep

Describe:

A

Associated with dreaming
Sleep is very light
Body is very still
Accounts for 20% - 25% of total sleep time

26
Q

Sleep Cycles

A

Each cycle of NREM: approx 80-90 minutes
REM sleep: 10 minutes

4 t 6 cycles to per night

With each subsequent cycle time spent in NREM sleep (stages 3,4) decreases

Time spent in REM sleep increases

Final cycle of night - 60 minutes in REM sleep

Entire night approx 25% REM

27
Q

EEG patterns vary depending on whether:

A

the person is awake or asleep and at the different stages of sleep

28
Q

When we are awake or preparing for sleep our brain waves are:

A

Fast
Have 14 cycles per second
Have low voltage

29
Q

When we are drowsy:

A

ALPHA waves dominate
Are slower
8-12 cycles

30
Q

Stages in non - REM sleep

Stage 1 sleep:

A

Theta waves 3-7 cycles per second
Slow eye movements
Muscles relax
Blood pressure drops

31
Q

Stages in non - REM sleep

Stage 2 sleep:

A

Characterised by sleep spindles
- which are low amplitude bursts of activity
12 - 14 cycles per second
K complex - high amplitude waves

32
Q

Stages in non - REM sleep

Stage 3 and 4 sleep:

A
  • Deep state of relaxed sleep
    -Large slow delta waves appear (stage 3) then predominate (stage 4)
  • low frequency of brain waves 1/2 to 2 cycles per second
    High amplitude
    Decreased breathing
    Slowed heart rate
    Lower body temp
    Relaxed muscles

I’d awoken from this stage we feel disoriented and groggy

33
Q

REM SLEEP

List characteristics

A

Darting rapid eye movements occur at periodic intervals

EEG Patterns are similar to
Awake

Autonomic activity increases eg blood pressure, respiration, etc

Motor paralysis (not diaphragms)

Dreaming occurs

34
Q

REM SLEEP - DREAMING

Psychodynamic view:

A 
Dreams represent a window into the unconscious where latent content (meaning) can be inferred from
Manifest content (the actual dream )
35
Q

REM SLEEP - DREAMING

Cognitive view:

A

Dreams are constructed from the daily issues of the dreamer

36
Q

REM SLEEP - DREAMING

Biological view:

A

Dreams represent the attempt of the cortex to interpret the random neural
Firing of the brain during sleep or the consolidation of newly learnt material

37
Q

Why sleep?

There are a few different hypothesis :

A

Conservation hypothesis:

NREM sleep evolved to conserve organisms energy when not searching for food, mates etc

Restorative hypothesis:

Brain works hard in waking states, sustain cell damage
NREM sleep provides opportunity for brain to interrupt damage, repair damaged cells

REM sleep necessary of visual, other sensory and motor systems in infancy

Learning and memory in adults

38
Q

Sleep disorders

Narcolepsy:

A

Irresistible compulsion to sleep during daytime

Often accompanied by cataplexy

  • muscle weakness, loss of muscle control
  • person falls down

Affects 1 in 2000 persons

Runs in families, genetic basis?

Sufferers enter REM sleep immediately

Negative social and psychological impacts on sufferers

39
Q

Sleep disorders

Sleep apnea (apnoea)

Description:

A

Upper respiratory disorder

Individual stops breathing while asleep
- blood oxygen level drops which causes secretion of emergency hormones causing the person the wake, gasp for air, resume breathing

  • can occur hundreds of times per night leading to tiredness

2% of adults are affected

Frequent among premature infants, need to monitor breathing

40
Q

Sleep disorders

Somnambulism (sleep walking)

Description:

A

People leave their beds, wander while asleep

Affects 7% of children and 2% of adults

Associated with stages 3 & 4 of NREM sleep during first 1/3 of night

41
Q

Nightmares

Describe:

A

Frightening dreams that make and individual feel helpless, out of control

Occur in REM sleep

Relatively infrequent

More frequent In

  • children than adults
  • individuals who have experienced traumatic events eg rape, war
42
Q

Night terrors

Description:

A

Associated for NREM SLEEP (unlike nightmares that are experienced in REM sleep)

Characterised by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic

More common in children

Not indicative of emotional disturbance

43
Q

Mind altering drugs

Psychoactive drugs:

A

Chemicals that affect mental processes and behaviour by changing conscious awareness of reality

Affect neural communication by
- blocking or stimulating activity at synapses

Continued use leads to tolerance and greater dosage required to achieve same effect

Physiological dependence occurs when body becomes adjusted to and dependent on a drug

Tolerance and dependence leads to addiction

44
Q

4 classes of drugs

  1. Depressants
A

Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting neural transmission in CNS

Facilitate transmission at GABA synapses (inhibitory neurotransmitter)

45
Q

Depressants:

Alcohol

  • stimulates release of _______ leading to feelings of pleasure (reinforces the drinking behaviour)
A

Dopamine

Lap enhances GABA activity

  • Small doses > induce relaxation, improve adults’ speed of reaction
  • reduced inhibition
46
Q

Larger amounts of alcohol do what?

A

Overtax the CNS

At blood alcohol 0.10%, driving accidents, fatalities are 6 times more frequent than at 0.05%

Alcohol > vision problems (esp. at night)

47
Q

Depressants

Alcohol at blood level of 0.15% effects us in what ways?

A
  • negative effects on thinking, memory, judgement
  • emotional instability
  • loss of motor coordination

JESS Introduction To Psychology (5 decks)

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