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Clinical Pathology > Lecture 3: Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus main environment?

A

Nose

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2
Q

What is Coagulase negative staphylococci main environment?

A

Skin

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3
Q

What is Streptococcus pyogenes main environment?

A

Pharynx

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4
Q

What is Streptococcus pneumoniae main environment?

A

Pharynx

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5
Q

What is Escherichia coli main environment?

A

Colon

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6
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa main environment?

A

Water

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7
Q

What is Neisseria meningitidismain environment?

A

Pharynx

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8
Q

What is Neisseria gonorrhoeae’s main environment?

A

No colonisation

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9
Q

What is Haemophilus influenzae’s main environment?

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

What is Chlamydia trachomatis’ main environment?

A

No colonisation

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11
Q

What is Clostridium difficile’s main environment?

A

Colon

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12
Q

What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis’ main environment?

A

No colonisation

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13
Q

What main infections does Staphlococcus aureus cause?

A

Skin/soft tissue, bacteraemia, bone/joint, endocarditis

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14
Q

What main infections does Coagulase negative staphylococci cause?

A

Prosthetic device infection

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15
Q

What main infections does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A

Scarlet fever, sore throat, necrotising fasciitis, puerperal sepsis

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16
Q

What main inections does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

Pneumonia, meningitis

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17
Q

What main infections does Escherichia coli cause?

A

UTIs, intra-abdominal infections, sepsis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (O157 strain), other diarrhoea causing strains

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18
Q

What main infections does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

A

Ventilator associated pneumonia, bacteraemia

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19
Q

What main infections does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

A

Meningococcal sepsis, meningitis

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20
Q

What main infections does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

A

Gonorrhoea, Ophthalmia Neonatorum

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21
Q

What main infections does Haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

Respiratory tract infections, meningitis, epiglottitis

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22
Q

What main infections does Chlamydia trachomatis cause?

A

Chlamydia

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23
Q

What main infections does Clostridium difficile cause?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

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24
Q

What main infections does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause?

A

Cause of TB - pulmonary and extrapulmonary

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25
Q

What percent of people carry s. aureus in their nose?

A

30-50%

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26
Q

What is Coagulase negative staphylococci’s main species?

A

S. epidermidis

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27
Q

Which pathogen is associated with secondary immunological presentations such as glomerulonephritis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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28
Q

What is the commonest bacterial cause of pneumonia and meningitis?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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29
Q

What causes similar infections to Escherichia coli?

A

Other species of ‘coliform’ e.g. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae,

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30
Q

Which pathogen has had a reduction in cases after vaccination?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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31
Q

True or false: Neisseria gonorrhoeae can rarely cause invasive infections (e.g. septic arthritis) secondary to sexually transmitted infection

A

True

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32
Q

What type of Haemophilus influenzae cause meningitis and epiglottis>

A

Capsulated types (eg type b) but reduced type B infection since vaccination

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33
Q

What is the commonest STI?

A

Chlamydia

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34
Q

What is often referred to as ‘Acid Fast Bacilli’ (AFBs)

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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35
Q

Name 3 pathogens under the bacterial classification of Gram + cocci?

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Streptococcus pyogenes
  3. Streptococcus agalactiae
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36
Q

Name 4 pathogens under the bacterial classification of Gram + bacilli?

A
  1. Bacillus anthracis
  2. Clostridium difficile
  3. Listeria monocytogenes
  4. Corynebacterium diptheriae
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37
Q

Name 4 pathogens under the bacterial classification of Gram - coccobacilli?

A
  1. Haemophilus
  2. Bordetella
  3. Brucella
  4. Pasteurella
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38
Q

Name 2 pathogens under the bacterial classification of Gram - cocci?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

39
Q

Name 5 pathogens under the bacterial classification of Gram - bacilli?

A

1.Salmonella typhi
2. Shigella spp
3. Escherichia coli
4. Proteus spp
5. Yersinia pestis

40
Q

Name 5 pathogens under the bacterial classification of spiral bacteria?

A
  1. Helicobacter
  2. Campylobacter
  3. Borrielia
  4. Leptospira
  5. Treponema pallidum
41
Q

What two types of gram bacteria are there?

A

Negative
Positive

42
Q

Does gram positive or gram negative have a thicker bacterial wall?

A

Gram positive

43
Q

What is gram negative out layer made up of?

A

Fatty layer

44
Q

What does the fatty outer layer of gram negative mean?

A

Cannot survive in a harsh dry environment
Needs moisture

45
Q

What colour does acetone stain gram positive bacteria?

A

Blue/black

46
Q

What 3 areas are involve in considering why certain bacteria cause particular iinfections?

A
  1. Host factor (Devices, Immune system)
  2. Bacterial factor (Virulence, resistance and environmental survival)
  3. Opportunity ( Exposure, normal flora)
47
Q

How can E.coli commonly cause UTIs in the body? (6)

A
  1. Part of normal bowel flora in most humans
  2. Colonisation of urethral meatus and surrounding area
  3. Short urethra in females
  4. Able to adhere to uroepithelial cells/urinary catheter materials
  5. Triggers host inflammatory response
  6. Able to develop resistance to antibiotics
48
Q

How does S.aureus cause skin infections? (3)

A
  1. Nasal carriage in up to 50% of people
  2. Able to adhere to damaged skin
  3. Produces exoenzymes and toxins that can damage tissues and provoke host response (e.g. pus formation)
49
Q

is Staphylococcus aureus a primary or secondary pathogen?

A

Primary

50
Q

What type of bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Bacteraemia/septicaemia

51
Q

What infections can Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

Osteomyelitis/septic arthritis
Endocarditis
Pneumonia
UTI
Meningitis

52
Q

What type of pathogen is Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

Opportunistic pathogen

53
Q

How many species are there of coagulase negative staphylococci?

A

20+

54
Q

How does Staphylococcus epidermidis cause infection?

A

Causes infection in association with ‘foreign bodies’ e.g. intravascular catheters, prosthetic joints, prosthetic cardiac valves, etc

Adheres to plastics/metals using glycocalyx (‘slime’), forming biofilms

55
Q

What is Streptococcus pyogenes also reffered to as?

A

Group A strep

56
Q

What is the commonest cause of bacterial sore throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

57
Q

What infections does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A

Scarlet Fever
Necrotising fasciitis (‘flesh eating bug’)
Other SSTIs
Invasive infections, such as pneumonia
Puerperal sepsis

58
Q

what is Streptococcus agalactiae also known as?

A

Group B strep

59
Q

Where do babies contract Group B strep?

A

Through vaginal birth

60
Q

What is the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis in neonates?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

61
Q

What is the Streptococcus milleri complex?

A

Three closely related species of pus-forming streptococci

62
Q

What is Streptococcus milleri complex associated with?

A

Associated with abscesses: dental, lung, liver, brain and others

63
Q

What is the collective name for a number of species of α-haemolytic streptococci that inhabit the upper respiratory tract e.g. S. oralis, S. mitis?

A

Viridans streptococci

64
Q

What is a classic cause of sub-acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Viridans streptococci

65
Q

Where is Streptococcus gallolyticus found?

A

Lower GI tract

66
Q

What was Streptococcus gallolyticus formerly known as?

A

Streptococcus bovis

67
Q

What can bacteraemia and Streptococcus gallolyticus be associated with?

A

Streptococcus gallolyticus

68
Q

What type of bacterial pathogen is Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Gram positive bacillus

69
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

Able to grow at low tempertures

70
Q

Which bacterial pathogen possesses zoonosis?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

71
Q

What is Listeria monocytogenes associated with?

A

consuming cheese made from unpasteurised milk and other foodstuffs

72
Q

What rare but significant diseases does Listeria monocytogenes cause?

A

sepsis and meningitis in pregnancy, neonates and immunosuppressed patients

73
Q

What type of bacteria is the Corynebacterium species?

A

Gram positive bacilli

74
Q

What type of bacterial pathogen is Propionibacterium acnes?

A

Gram positive bacillus

75
Q

What is Propionibacterium acnes now refered to as?

A

Cutibacterium acnes

76
Q

What type of bacterial pathogen is Enterobacteriaceae (‘coliforms’)?

A

number of species of gram negative bacilli found in bowel flora

77
Q

What are the common species of Enterobacteriaceae (‘coliforms’) ?

A

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae

78
Q

What is the commonest cause of bacteraemia?

A

E.coli

79
Q

What are toxigenic strains of E.coli associated with?

A

severe diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

80
Q

What type of bacterial pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Multi-resistant gram negative bacillus

Opportunistic pathogen

81
Q

What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?

A

characteristic green pigment

82
Q

What type of bacterial pathogen is Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Gram negative diplococcus

83
Q

What is a classic presentation of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Classic presentation is of a purpuric non-blanching rash (sepsis)

84
Q

What type of pathogen is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gram negative diplococcus

85
Q

What type of bacterial pathogen is Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Gram negative bacillus

86
Q

What type of Haemophilus influenzae can be prevented by the Hlb vaccine?

A

Type B

87
Q

Where is Haemophilus influenzae located in the body?

A

Forms part of normal respiratory tract flora

88
Q

What do anaerobes do?

A

Grow in the absence of oxygen

89
Q

What is a classic cause of gas gangrene?

A

C. perfringens

90
Q

Which species doe not stain using conventional gram staining?

A

Mycobacterium species

91
Q

Which bacteria are without a conventional cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma species
Chlamydia species

92
Q

What bacterial pathogen causes syphillis?

A

Treponema pallidum

93
Q

What is Treponema pallidum a species from?

A

Spirochaetes

Clinical Pathology (6 decks)

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