Lecture 3 a and b Flashcards
What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal,
What are the special regions on the cerebral cortex?
insular cortex
cingulate cortex
What is the structure of the frontal lobe?
everything rostral to the central sulcus
takes up 1/3 of the cerebral hemisphere
What is the functions of the forntal lobe?
voluntary motor control
production of language
majority of congnitive functions including short-term working memory attention, behavioral control and executive functions.
Functions of the primary motor cortex M1 pre-central gyrus
execution of movement: upper motor neurons send impulses to the brain stem and spinal cord that activiate muscles.
Functions premotor cortex
preperation for and sensory guidance of movement. Inputs from omatosensry areas, thalamus (relay station) Out puts to M1 on the same side and contralateral premotor cortex.
What is hemiparesis?
Half paralysis, weakness inability to move one side of the body. Often caused by a lesion of the contralateral primary motor cortex or corticospinal tact.
Why would damage to the right primary motor cortex cause contra-lesional (left-side) weakness?
Because the nerves cross the sides of the body in the pyramids of the medulla.
Are the motor neurons damged in the primary motor cortex upper motor neuron or lower motor neurons?
Upper motor neurons
Functions of the supplementary motor area?
Planning of movement, slection of appropriate motor plans and sequences and coordination of the two sides of the body for complex movement
Function of the frontal eye fields?
Control of visual attention and voulontary eye movements
What is Broca area?
small region in the LEFT hemisphere only, key region in speech production
What is Broca’s aphasia?
non-fluent aphasia; diminished speech output. Caused by damge to brocas area (left frontal lobe) production issue
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
executive functions and motor planning
What are executive functions?
attentional control, short-term, working memory, self-control and moderation of social behavoior, desicion making, judgement, planning, reasoning, problem-solving, abstract thinkng, the expression of personality.
Orbital frontal cortex functions?
sensory integration, learning, prediction, and decision making for emotional and reward-related behaviors
Medial preforntal cortex functions?
impulse control, motivaiton, emotional component of desicion making, sociability, memory
Parietal lobe structure?
caudal to the central sulcus
superior to the lateral sulcus
rostral to parieto-occipital sulcus
Functions of the parietal lobe?
terminal location for sensations coming from the somatosensory system (skin muscles, joints ect)
integrates somatosensory sensation with information from the special senses to form an overall perception
higher order sensory experiences like music appreciation
Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
postcentral gyrus; receives and processes tough, temperature, pain, and conscious proprioceptive information form the body
Posterior parietal cortex (PPC)
motor planning, visuospital perception, spatial attention, and integration of somatosnesory, visual, and auditory input.
If the left primary somatosensory cortext is damaged, which side of the body has sensory loss?
the right side it corsses at the medulla. on the way up to the brain.
What is apraxia?
difficulty with motor planning and coordination leading to loss of ability to execute skilled movements, despite having the physical ability to perform them. Often associated with injury of the frontal lobe (premotor cortex, DLPFC) and parietal lobes (PPC) crosses two lobes
What is neglect?
reduced awareness of stimuli on one side of the spce, even though there may be no sensory loss. Commonly found after damage to the RIGHT parietal lobe. Typically , only happens with the right patietal lobe. They do not percive half of the world ot half of their body, Hemispacial neglect
Left sided neglect = right side parietal lobe
