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CHYS2P10 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary Developmental Science

What is theory of scope?

A
  • Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution- Dobzhansky
  • Does not explain the origins of life
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2
Q

What is Evolution?

A
  • A theory that explains the diversity and function of all living things
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3
Q

What does Lamarckianism mean?

A

Lamarckianism: Inherit traits that change during lifespan

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4
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A
  • Famous for his theories in evolution
  • Interested in explaining a wide variety of life forms that existed
  • Invented theories of natural and sexual selection
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5
Q

What are the Five Components of Darwin’s Evolution by Natural Selection?

A
  • More offspring are born than survive to reproduce
  • Individual vary on different traits
  • Certain traits are more likely to pass on offspring (via genes)
  • Offspring likely inherit those traits
  • Environmental conditions have changed, leading to new species
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6
Q

What is the meaning of life biologically?

A
  • It is simply to pass on one’s genes to future generations
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7
Q

What are some Evolutionary misconceptions?

A
  • Survival of the fittest – fitness in biology means # offspring; evolution is really survival of those who produce the most successful lineages
  • Group selection – evolution acts at the level of the individual, not the species
  • Evolution progresses from simple to complex life forms
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8
Q

Fit vs. Unfit

A
  • More resources are needed to maintain “ultra healthy” offspring who may only produce two offspring
  • For those who don’t live fit lifestyles may produce more than 2 offspring as they require less resources to maintain their lifestyle
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9
Q

Group vs. Individual

A

Groups
- Those who protect “groups” are willing to risk their lives at old age to help the offspring

Individual
- Those who only protect themselves are willing to let the healthy and beneficial die in order to save their own lives

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10
Q

What are higher and lower organisms?

A
  • Evolution: moves toward complex forms of life and is random
  • 1 in 4 animal species are beetles
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11
Q

What do Tooby & Cosmides say about Evolutionary Psychology?

A
  • Domain specific mechanisms
  • That are at least partly inheritable, solved problems in the E.E.A. (the past evolutionary environment)
  • Note that this allows for experience, nurture, and culture to influence the cognitive mechanisms
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12
Q

What are critiques of Evolutionary Psychology?

A
  • Doesn’t typically reveal specific cognitive mechanisms; it’s more of a guide than a manual
  • Depends on accurate guesses based on limited information about E.E.A.
  • Ignores human culture and other environmental factors
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13
Q

What are two Evolutionary Pitfalls?

A
  • Deterministic Fallacy - if evolved, or in our genes it can’t be changed
  • Naturalistic Fallacy- evolved, comes from nature, must be morally good/ acceptable
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14
Q

What are genes and how do they interplay with our environment and heredity?

A
  • Heredity and environment influence individuals’ characteristics
  • When scientists first began to investigate the contributions of heredity and environment, they generally emphasized one factor or the other as the prime influence – both matter
  • Model of Interaction
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15
Q

What is Genotype?

A

Genotype: The genetic material an individual inherits

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16
Q

What is Phenotype?

A

Phenotype: The observable expression of the genotype, including body characteristics and behaviour

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17
Q

What is Environment?

A

Environment: Includes every aspect of the individual, and his or her surroundings, other than genes

18
Q

What are the fundamentals of genetic with our parents?

A
  • Parents’ genetic contribute to the child’s genotype
  • Contributions of the child’s genotype to his or her own phenotype
  • Genetic material is passed on as chromosomes (long, threadlike molecules made up of DNA)
  • Known as (deoxyribonucleic acid)
19
Q

What are Endophenotypes?

A

Endophenotypes: mediate the pathways between genes and behaviour

20
Q

What are Regulator genes?

A

Regulator genes: genes that control activity of other genes

21
Q

What is Polygenic inheritance?

A

Polygenic inheritance: inheritance , governs traits with more than one gene
Contribution of the child’s environment to his or her own phenotype

22
Q

What does norm of reaction mean?

A

Norm of reaction: all the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to environments which it can survive and develop

23
Q

What is Behavioural genetics?

A

Behaviour genetics: science concerned with how variation in behaviour and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors

24
Q

Genotypes have what percentage on humans?

A
  • Genes have chromosomes that code for a particular protein sequence that affect other genes
  • 2% of human genomes
25
Q

What the Mechanisms that Contribute to Genetic Diversity?

A

Mutations: Changes in sections of DNA caused by random or environmental factors

Random assortment: The shuffling of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the sperm and egg; chance determines which member of the pair goes into the new sperm and egg

Crossing over: The process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another during meiosis, increasing genetic variability

26
Q

What are Alleles?

A
  • Different forms of genes; dominant (expressed if present), recessive (not expressed if dominant is present)
  • Two of the same alleles (homozygous), two different (heterozygous)
27
Q

How to Sex Chromosomes affect who we are?

A
  • Two x chromosomes in 23rd pair (female), male have y and x
  • Gene on the Y chromosome encodes a protein that triggers the formation of the testes
  • Which produce testosterone, takes over the molding of maleness
28
Q

What is the Disadvantage of being a male genetically?

A
  • The Y chromosome has only about a third as many genes on it as the X chromosome
  • Therefore males inherit more disabilities (colour blindness)
29
Q

What are some Genetic Diseases and Disorders?

A
  • Recessive gene: PKU, sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis
  • Single dominant gene: Huntington’s disease
  • Sex-linked inheritance: Fragile-X syndrome, hemophilia
  • Errors in meiosis (Down syndrome)

-

30
Q

In some cases, as with sickle-cell anemia, what can a gene have?

A

Both

  • Deleterious effects: A debilitating blood disorder when both alleles are present

Benefits: Protection against malaria, a blood parasite that can’t live and grow well in oval blood cells

31
Q

Many syndromes are known to have a genetic basis. What are the specific genetic mechanisms have not been established yet?

A
  • Dyslexia
  • Tourette’s Syndrome
  • Autism
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • ADHD
  • Depression
  • Schizophrenia
  • Anxiety
32
Q

What is Polygenic Inheritance?

A
  • When traits are governed by more than one gene
33
Q

What is the Case of PKU?

A
  • Phenylketonuria: defective gene on chromosome 12 that is unable to metabolize phenylalanine
  • Early diagnosis and properly restricted diet can help avoid mental problems
34
Q

What do Regulatoratory Genes do?

A
  • Largely control the switching “on and off” of genes
  • Only when these are turned on can Genes influences development and behaviour
  • A major force in both evolution and development
  • This is because there appears to be a general toolkit for building bodies. They are the final product.
35
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A
  • How genes and the environment work together to produce/develop an organism
  • Future of developmental studies, eductionist approach, extremely challenging in humans
36
Q

How has the Evolution and brain development differed from other species?

A

Humans have a much larger brain than is expected for body size, more cortical neurons

37
Q

What is the timeframe of a normal development

A
  • Brain Development is between Birth and 21 years old.

- Migration has created a differentiation within people and how long this is for each person

38
Q

What is Synaptogenesis?

A
  • Cell death and pruning

- Synaptic rearrangement

39
Q

What is Neurogenesis?

A
  • Growth of neurons through cell division

- Nerves

40
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A
  • The ability of the brain to change
41
Q

How do experiences affect synaptogenesis?

A
  • Synapses are formed and maintained by experiences

- Synapses are formed as a result of unique experiences of the individual

42
Q

What happens when you get a brain injury during development?

A
  • Kennard effect: younger brains tend to “heal” better

CHYS2P10 (4 decks)

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