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CHYS2P10 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A
  • Development is combination of nature and nurture
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2
Q

Who is Alfred Binet?

A
  • He was a French psychologist
  • Known for developing the first widely used intelligence test
  • Simple skills do not show a child’s full intelligence
  • These five factors include fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory
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3
Q

What does an intelligence test do?

A
  • It helps determine

different abilities within different ages

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4
Q

What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale ?

A
  • Test that can be administered to both children and adults
  • One’s ability to adapt and constructively solve problems in the environment
  • Reflects Caroll’s three stratum model
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5
Q

What is Carroll’s three stratum model?

A
  • The three layers or stratas
  • They’re defined as representing: narrow, broad, and general cognitive ability.
  • It can help find observable differences among individuals in the performance tasks
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6
Q

What does intelligence do?

A
  • Influences cognitive function
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7
Q

How does intelligence form? Part 1

A
  • The prefrontal cortex has fluid gives you ability to think on the spot
  • This peaks at 20 and over time decreases
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8
Q

How does intelligence form? Part 2

A
  • Then it crystallizes and you develop factual knowledge about world
  • As well as long term memory from previous experiences, verbal ability, early in life to old age
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9
Q

How does intelligence form? Part 3

A

7 forms:

  • Word fluency
  • Verbal meaning
  • Reasoning
  • Spatial visualization
  • Numbering
  • Rote memory
  • Perceptual speed
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10
Q

How does intelligence affect your cognitive processes?

A
  • You learn how to process numbers and other distinct processes
  • You learn how to process information and analyze things (everyday tasks like reading and writing)
  • “Many processes” allows for more precise specifications of mechanisms involved in intelligence
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11
Q

What is the Bronfenbrenner model?

A
  • It’s a model that shows bio-ecological of a child’s development
  • A child is embedded within environments
  • The model depicts the child in the center and surrounded by an immediate environment, then outer circles of less influence (look at chart)
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12
Q

How do genetics contribute to intelligence?

A
  • Involve three processes:
  • Passive: arise when children are raised by their biological parents
  • Evocative: effects of the genotype emerge when children are influenced by others behaviours
  • Active: children choosing environments that they enjoy
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13
Q

What was the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment?

A
  • Conducted by Bradley and Caldwell

- They observed children from birth to three years of age

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14
Q

What’s Gardner’s Theory?

A
  • The Multiple Intelligences Theory claimed that people possess at least 8 kinds of intelligence:
  • Linguistic
  • Logical-mathematical
  • Spatial abilities
  • Musical
  • Naturalistic
  • Bodily-kinesthetic
  • Intrapersonal
  • Interpersonal
  • The ninth ability might be present- existential intelligence
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15
Q

Who is John Carroll? Part 1

A
  • He created: Three Stratum Theory of Intelligence
  • Top of hierarchy is g (general intelligence)
  • Middle several general abilities (fluid and crystallized and seven basic forms)
  • Bottom are specific processes
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16
Q

Who is John Carroll? Part 2

A
  • General intelligence influences all moderately general abilities
  • Both general intelligence and moderately general abilities influence the specific processes
  • All levels are essential for intelligence
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17
Q

How do we measure intelligence?

A
  • Ceci and Sterngerg
  • measuring intelligence is complex and requires assessing all forms of intelligence (not just the ones on tests)
  • Must be observable
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18
Q

What is the Theory of Successful Intelligence?

A
  • Theory of Successful Intelligence:
  • Analytic abilities (linguistic, mathematics and spatial skills)
  • Practical abilities (reasoning)
  • Creative abilities (intellectual flexibility, innovation)
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19
Q

What are the three components of personality?

  • Dr. Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939)
A
  • Id: basic urges
  • Ego: rational components of mind
  • Superego: conscience, morality
  • Conflict: ego tries to control id, superego tried to make sure morals are there
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20
Q

What are the Freudian Stages?

A
  • Development progresses through different stages
  • These stages were universal in existence and order
  • You could pass to other stage whenever
  • Changes in environment and maturation = stage progression
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21
Q

What were Freud’s contributions?

A
  • Importance of unconscious
  • Importance of childhood to determine later development
  • Internal conflict
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22
Q

Who was Erik Erikson?

A
  • Psychologist who developed the theory of psychosocial development
  • The concept of an identity crisis
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23
Q

What did Erik Erikson do?

A
  • Study combat soldiers
  • Child rearing (in Sioux and Yoruk), as well as adolescent behaviour in India
  • Play in normal and abnormal children
  • Adolescent identity, popular culture
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24
Q

How did Erik Erikson add to Freuds five stages of childhood stages?

A
  • Stronger influence on culture than Freud
  • Theories are in order, but do not build on each other
  • Pass a stage and can return to stage
  • Direct observation of children, cross-cultural comparisons
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25
Q

What is Erik Erikson Theory?

Stage 1

A

Trust- Mistrust (0-1)

  • Infant learns whether or not they can rely on another human, typically mother
    Responsive mother- child learns to trust
26
Q

What is Erik Erikson Theory?

Stage 2

A

Autonomy- Shame (2-3)

  • Child learns whether or not they can be independent from others
  • Firm and supportive parents- child initiates own behaviour
27
Q

What is Erik Erikson Theory?

Stage 3

A

Initiative- Guilt (4-5)

  • Child learns whether or not are capable of doing things on their own
  • Child learns to succeed- develop initiatives
    fail= develop guilt
28
Q

What is Erik Erikson Theory?

Stage 4

A

Industry- Inferiority (6-13)

  • Child learns whether work is competent compared to others
  • Succeed in school- develop a sense of industry
  • fail= sense of inferiority
29
Q

What is Erik Erikson Theory?

Stage 5

A

Identity- Identity Diffusion (adolescence)

  • Individual successfully develops identity, or fails
  • Teenager needs to a) explore identities and then b) commit to identity
  • Failure= stagnation, confusion or settling for wrong identity
30
Q

What is Erik Erikson Theory?

Stage 6

A

Intimacy- Isolation (Young Adult)

  • Learns whether they can share life with another or alone
  • Succeed- need to be able to open up to others
31
Q

What is Erik Erikson Theory?

Stage 6

A

Generativity- Stagnation (Adult)

  • Learned whether contributing anything meaningful or lacks meaning
  • Contributing: pass
  • Lifes work is meaningless: fail
32
Q

What is Erik Erikson Theory?

Stage 7

A

Integrity- Despair (Old Age)

  • Whether or not can accept their life as positive
  • If yes: believe their life had puspose
  • If no: feel life has been wasted
33
Q

What are the different perspectives of Learning Theory?

A
  • Pure Behaviourism: Skinner- nothing matters except behaviour
  • Social Behaviourism: Bandura- tempered by individual and environment, everything works with and through them
34
Q

What is Skinner’s Learning Theory?

A
  • Operant Conditioning: actions followed by good outcomes are likely to recur, actions followed by bad outcomes are less likely to recur
  • Operant response is a behaviour that operates on the environment to produce an effect that is typically positive
  • Known as instrumental responses, they are like tools in that they enable an animal to accomplish a task
35
Q

What is Albert Bandura Learning Theory?

A

Emphasis on Learning:

  • Social Learning Theory: focuses on learning, but broaden context and scope of different types of learning
  • Considers methods of beyond classical conditioning and operant conditioning
  • Observational learning is more frequent and important sources of learning
36
Q

What experiment did Albert Bandura do?

A

Observational Aggression

  • Bobo doll experiment
  • Groundbreaking study on aggression led by Bandura
  • Demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behaviour
37
Q

What did Jean Piaget focus on?

A
  • Structuralism
  • Early structures lead towards later structures
  • Basic structure is a scheme-organized pattern of behaviour
    A-not-b error:
  • Tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than the new location where it was hidden
38
Q

What is deferred imitation?

A

Deferred imitation: repitition of other people’s behaviour in substantial time after it occured

39
Q

What is symbolic representation?

A

Symbolic representation: use of one object to stand for another

40
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Egocentrism: tendancy to percieve the world from one point of view

41
Q

What is centration?

A

Centration: tendacy to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event

42
Q

What is the conservation concept?

A

Conservation concept: idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change the object’s key properties

43
Q

1

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)

  • Object Permanence: knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.
  • Recognition of ability to control object and acts intentionally
44
Q

2

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

A

Pre-operational stage (from age 2 to age 7)

  • Begins to use language
  • Egocentric thinking difficulty seeing things from other viewpoints
  • Classified objects by single feature e.i. colour
45
Q

3

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

A

Concrete operational stage (from age 7 to age 11)

  • Logical thinking
  • Recognizes conservation of numbers, mass and weight
  • Classifies objects bu several features and can place them in order
46
Q

4

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

A

Formal operational stage (age 11+ - adolescence and adulthood).

  • Logical thinking about abstract propositions
  • Concerned with the hypothetical and the future
  • Create Hypotheses and test
47
Q

Who is Lev Vygotsky?

A
  • Russian psychologist: wrote about child development in the 20’s and 30’s
  • Communism prevented widespread knowledge of his work until much later
  • Believed that cognitive development was result of innate/evolved mechanisms interacting with external social inputs
48
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

A

Zone of Proximal Development

  • Area between their individual capability and their capability when paired with someone more experienced
  • New knowledge is learned most quickly when it’s in the Zone of Proximal Development
49
Q

What is Scaffolding?

A
  • More experienced partner reworks the new knowledge into something that’s easier to learn
  • Scaffolding is to be slowly withdrawn, allowing the child to take on a greater and greater share of the learning responsibility
50
Q

What is Meta-attention?

A
  • Meta-attention is the knowledge of one’s attentional/concentration/focus ability
  • Reaches near-adult capability by around age 8
  • Helpful in maintaining selective attention- focusing only on what’s important
51
Q

Socio-cultural Perspective

A
  • Language is important for cognitive development as it is the gateway to complex social interactions
  • Emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute greatly to child’s development
  • Views learning as moment-by-moment, involving specific skills, attributes, and physiological capacities
  • Does not focus on stages, domain vs. general
52
Q

What is a domain specific?

A

Domain specific: information about a certain area of content

53
Q

What is Nativism?

A

Nativism: theory that infants have substantial innate knowledge of evolutionary important domains

54
Q

What is Constructivism?

A

Constructivism: theory that infants build increasingly advanced understanding by combining rudimentary innate knowledge with subsequent experiences

55
Q

What is ethology?

A
  • Study of human behaviour

-

56
Q

What is ethology?

A
  • Study of human behaviour
  • Many species have species type behaviours that differentiate from other species
  • Unique physiology of the organism underlies these species-typical behaviours (biological preperation)
  • Human voice box
  • Focuses on studying species-typical behaviours
  • Initially focused on fixed action behaviours which are highly reliable (do not change) from one instance to another, triggered by signal stimuli
57
Q

What are Species-Specific Behaviours?

A
  • Human facial expressions are species-specific behaviours
  • Some of them are also fixed action behaviours
  • Facial patterns are present even amongst individuals that have never observed them, strongly suggests these behaviours are innate
58
Q

Introduction to Ethology: Historical Perspectives

Who did Lorenz focus on?

A

Lorenz

  • Pioneered studies of genetically programmed behaviour (instinct)
  • Concept of imprinting
  • Coded animal behaviours, emotions and displays
59
Q

Introduction to Ethology: Historical Perspectives

Do did Tinbergen focus on?

A
  • Field biology

- Developed ethologys 4 areas of inquiry

60
Q

What are Tinbergen’s Four Levels?

A
  • Immediate (causation)- social and neuropsychology
  • Ontogenetic (developmental)
  • Functional (evolution)
  • Phylogenetic (historical)- cultural and evolutionary
61
Q

Why are Tinbergen’s Four Levels important?

A
  • Many students of animal behaviour have become so fascinated with its directness
  • “Toward what end?” or Yet the great question…“How?”
  • It is a regrettable symptom of the limitations inherent to the human mind that very few scientists are able to keep both questions in mind simultaneously.”
  • Lorenz
62
Q

What are Chall’s five stages of reading development?

A
  • Stage 0 (birth to the beginning of grade one): key prerequisites for reading, knowing the alphabet and gaining phonemic awareness (individual sounds in words)
  • Stage 1 (1st to 2nd grade): phonological recoding skills (translate letters into sounds, blend sounds into words)
  • Stage 2 (2nd to 3rd grade): fluency in reading simple material
  • Stage 3 (4th to 8th grade): acquire reasonably complex new information from written text
  • Stage 4 (8th to 12th grade): understanding information presented from single perspective but in multiple perspectives

CHYS2P10 (4 decks)

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