Lecture 3 Flashcards
the early times of disability
- in Greek and roman times- children may have been terminated
- disability seen as result of sin or disfavour by the gods
- stories of “beggars, fools, hunchbacks & monsters
- they may have earned a livelihood as jesters, clowns, freaks
- children & adults with disabilities were orphaned with disabilities were orphaned and institutionalized-training schools
- society believed that those with disabilities could have a better quality of life in institutions (also felt it was better for the functioning of the family)
- this separated society into “disabled” and non—disabled” which then led to discrimination and segregation
- eugenics (forced sterilization) was practiced on the “feebleminded” (those with intellectual disabilities, deaf to improve the natural gene pool
the eugenics movement in Canada
- late 1890’s to early 1900’s eugenics was practiced as a way of limiting bi-racial families or families with “hereditary feeblemindedness”
- the target was most often orphans and those in “training schools” so as not to pass on “degenerate” offspring. Also un wed mothers and illegitimate children
- BC (1933-1973) and Alberta (1928-1972) passed sexual sterilization legislation. Over this time, BC sterilized 330 individuals and Alberta, 2822
- Manitoba debated a sterilization bill in 1933 as part of the “mental deficiency act” -lost by one vote
manitoba history
-1886- Manitoba Asylum opened
AKA: 1910- Selkirk insane hospital
1919- Selkirk hospital for mental diseases
now: Selkirk mental health center
-in 1957 they had 1200 residents
-psychiatric nursing program ran from 1920-1992 (now run through Brandon University at U of W)
-1890- opened portage “home for incurables” (those with intellectual or other disabilities)
-AKA: Home for aged and infirm
-Manitoba school for mental defectives
-Manitoba school for Retardates
-1984- Manitoba Developmental Centre (MDC)
-1892- Brandon Asylum (run by Dr.Gordon Bell) opened to ease Selkirk burden- treatments included insulin shock therapy, electroshock therapy and lobotomies ( 260 done) now: Brandon mental health center
-1959- ST. Boniface Sanitorium (tuberculosis) 1961- St. Vital hospital- st amant ward began to take in kids with disabilities (name changed to ST.amant center in 1974 and st amant in 2005)
-1973- MCD overcrowded and opened Pelican Lake Training Center (also former tuberculosis sanitorium). Closed in 2000 with all residents moving to community living
-1980’s-200 people left MDC for community living because of instiutuional conditions and awareness
-there continues to be a strong move to deinstitutionalize all individuals living in segregated facilities
history in USA
- sterilization laws passed in the 32 states between 1907 and 1937 (most repealed by 1970)
- 60,000 institutionalized people were sterilized over this time with California alone responsible for 20,000 (Mexican immigration)
- also a lot of education in raising healthy families and proper breeding practices
Edouard Sequin (1840s)
- developed physiological education
- three goals
1. Muscular/physical training (body)
2. Education of senses (intelligence)
3. Moral treatment (the will) - the theory used in special ed. until 1960s
Maria Montessori
- italian physician (psychiatry) and educator in Italy, early 1900’s
- very interested in pedagogy and she questioned the methods ised to teach children and development disabilities
- she found the ids absorb knowledge from the environment and teach themselves
- she advocated for a child-centered approach to education
- by 1910 there were Montessori schools worldwide
Canada- Robert Tait McKenzie, 1894 director of PE
-mcGill
“there will always be some whose physique or condition of health debars them from such
rough games as football or hockey, but most of whom could take light exercise with great
benefit. In other pupils special care is demanded requiring exercises that vary with the
particular case, for the danger of overstrain and injury may be greatly increased by the
kind of exercise employed”
-from“The Place of Physical Training in the School System
-McKenzie was the first to devote full chapters to teaching special needs students
1900-1930s
- McKenzie felt that is wad important to meet the physical activity needs of every individual regardless of ability
- programs should be developed by highly trained leaders who know how to meet the needs of all students (basic principle of adapted PA today)
- did not understand developmental delay well
- his assumptions were that PA should be done “for” or “to” a person with a disability, NOT what they could do for themselves
- Dr. A.S Lamb- YCMA leader- McGill training staff- medical degree. Advocated for PE and sport programs to be inclusive
- CAHPERD founded 1930- professional principle to serve PA needs of all individuals- a mandate we still have today
- community programming for those with disabilities uncommon
1940s
- world war 1 and 2 produced many individuals with disabilities as did
- vehicle accident
- polio epidemics (1915-1917, 1952)
- “correctives”- posture deviations should be fixed- strength and flexibility considered pre requisites to cardiovascular activities
after WW2
- AAHPER subcommittee on “therapeutics” struck a committee to consider the needs of person with a disability
- instead of the field being called “corrective”, it was now referred to as “adapted physical education”
- most of the focus was still on physical disabilities
- US had rapid growth in the field which greatly influenced Canada
1950s
- Dr. Doris Plewes became fitness and recreation consultant in the Fitness Division of the Department of health and welfare in Ottawa
- She and Dr. William Orban developed the Canadian Physical Effciency test administered to children and adults in several provinces
- Finding indicated Canadians not very fit and “something needed to be done”
- school testing identified more students with special education needs
1960s
- social justice- parents advocated for community school participation
- special education wings and classrooms in community schools
- mch more research and understanding into teaching children with developmental delays
- Special Olympics- 1968 Eunice Kennedy Shriver
1970s
- U.S. Federal laws mandating “free appropriate public education” and concept of “least restrictive environment”
- “independent living” movement and philosophy
- equal access and opportunity for all
- you had to accommodate to every child in the area for school
- and you have to provide different environments for learning
1980s
- 1981- united nations declared as international year of the disabled
- allowed those with disabilities to see themselves as a social minority with rights to fight for not passive recipients of services
- Special education is not a placement but a system of services that should be delivered over many settings
canada
- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982
- the charter is part of the constitution. It serves as the basic outline of rules about how Canada operates
- addresses the guarantee of: rights, freedoms, mobility, legal, equality
