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Psych 100 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify and describe functions of CNS

A
  • Brain and spinal cord

- Processes body’s info, makes decisions and directs action.

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2
Q

Identify and describe PNS

A

(Messenger) Functions to carry messages.
Somatic subsystem: Transmits info from CNS to muscles (e.g pain).
Autonomic subsystem: Carries messages from CNS to alter activity of organs/glands - sends info back to brain.

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3
Q

How does the somatic system operate when confronted with external stimuli (e.g a pinch)

A

Afferent nerves (sensory nerurons) transmit info to the CNS. Then Efferent nerves (motor neurons) carry signals away from the CNS to the muscles and directs motion.

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4
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate our internal environment?

A

Affects neurons carry sensory info from internal organs to CNS. Efferent neurons carry info from CNS to internal organs.

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5
Q

What are the two elements of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic nervous system - responsible for mobilising action from fight or flight syndrome
Parasympathetic nervous system: slow organ and gland activity to conserve body’s energy.

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6
Q

What happens during the activation of the Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

A

Stimulates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine/ epinephrine into blood stream to stimulate all target organs of SNS. Adrenaline, pupil dilation, increased heart rate/breathing rate, decreased digestion, reduced blood in the extremities

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7
Q

What happens during activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

PNS releases acetylcholine, related to protection, nourishment and growth of body. E.g slow heart rate, reduced blood pressure, regulating blood sugar levels, secreting saliva and eliminating waste.

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8
Q

What nerves are the spinal cord made up of?

A

cervical nerves, thoracic nerves, lumbar nerves, sacral nerves. 31 pairs of spinal nerves outside of the cord that sends info from sensory neurons, to required part of body (via motor neuron).

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9
Q

Where is afferent and efferent info transmitted in the spinal cord?

A

afferent info relay info to the dorsal spine and efferent neurons transmit info to ventral spine.

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10
Q

How do reflexes work?

A

Involentary muscular responses with no basis of sensory information being processed by the CNS. Brain informed after reflex occurs,.

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11
Q

What makes up the hindbrain?

A

medulla oblongata, cerebellum, reticular formation and incl. brain stem.

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12
Q

What makes up the

midbrain?

A

tectum and tegmentum

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13
Q

what makes up the forebrain?

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus and limbic system.

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14
Q

What are the anatomical areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal. And they are divided by gyri (ridges) and sulci (valleys).

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15
Q

Sensory cortex (visual, auditory, skin (touch pain, temp) - where are signals received?

A

visual info: visual cortex - occipital lobe
auditory info: auditory cortex - temporal lobe
skin info: somatosensory cortex - parietal lobe

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16
Q

Where and how does the motor cortex function?

A

in the frontal lobe to create voluntary movements in specific parts of the body.

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17
Q

Where and how does the association cortex function?

A

not involved with sensory info or movement. Responsible for cognitive tasks, receiving info from more than one sense of combining sensory/motor info.

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18
Q

What is the forebrain responsible for?

A

The most complex aspects of our behaviour and mental life.

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19
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

relays sensory signals and play role in processing/making sense of sensory info.

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20
Q

Hypothalamus role?

A

Homeostasis - Regulates processes - metabolism, hunger sleeping, blood sugar levels, sexual activity, emotional experience.

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21
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nuceli?

A

Part of the hypothalamus and regulates your circadian rhythm.

22
Q

What is in the limbic system?

A

hypothalamus and septum - roles in regulating memory and emotion. (refer to texbook this one is fucked)

23
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Involved in fear and other emotions - may influence our sensitivity to other people.

24
Q

Function of midbrain

A

Controls certain automatic behaviours that coordinate simple movements with sensory input.

25
Q

Role of substantia nigra?

A

midbrain structure, together with striatum - involved in smoothly initiating movement.

26
Q

Where are the tectum and tegmentum located?

A

Located at the top of the brain stem

27
Q

What is the mesenoephalan?

A

makes up two parts of the brain - tectum and tegmentum (both ontop of brain stem).

28
Q

Role of tectum

A

Orienting us towards visual and auditory stimuli - integrates both sensory and motor activity.

29
Q

What would happen if tectum was damaged?

A

Sense the presence of stimulus- but not be able to identify it.

30
Q

Role of tegmentum

A

Related to movement and arousal. Includes the substantia nigra - deteriorates in people with parkinsons disease.

31
Q

Where is the hindbrain?

A

Lies inside the skull - actually an extension of the spinal cord

32
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata?

A

controls vital functions - blood pressure, heart rate, breathing.

33
Q

function of reticular formation/Pons?

A

network of cells running throughout the (lowest part of medulla) hindbrain to upper end of into the midbrain - alters activity of other brain structures. Involved in arousal and maintaining consciousness/attention.

34
Q

Function of the locus coeruleus?

A

Activated by reticular formation - involved in directing attention.

35
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Control coordinated movements, and rehearsed movements and may also play part in higher order cognitive processes including speech.

36
Q

What did PET and MRI research reveal about the cerebellum?

A

That is is involved in psychological processes such as learning and memory. Also in complex (motor movement) learning, e.g baby learning to crawl/walk.

37
Q

Damage to reticular formation could result in?

A

likely a coma

38
Q

Function of Positron emission tomography? (PET)

A

Detects which brain areas are most active overtime. Can show asymmetric brain activity when participants perform tasks.

39
Q

What is an electroencephalogram? (EEG)

A

Reflecting brain’s general electrical activity, depends on both the task a participant tries, and well as left vs right cranial location - eeg recording electrodes.

40
Q

What is an MRI?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging - exposes the brain to magnetic field and measures the resulting radio frequency waves - produces structural pic of brain.

41
Q

what is fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging?

A

Uses a magnetic field to detect changes in blood flow and reflects ongoing changes in the activity of neurons. e.g brain area fills with blood when experienced emotion (‘light up’).

42
Q

What is DTI? (Diffusion tensor imaging).

A

Variant of fMRI but trances activity of axon pathways.

43
Q

What is TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

A

temporarily disrupts the function of part of brain - can be combined with MRI to refine localisation of brain activity.

44
Q

Role of pituitary gland

A

Stimulating and regulating many hormones in body.

45
Q

What happens if pituitary gland is not working as it should?

A

Abnormally low or high levels of hormones in body.

46
Q

Role of thyroid gland

A

Growth and metabolism - affects energy levels and mood as well.

47
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid gland under active and not producing enough hormones - linked with lack of energy and depression. treatment = thyroid hormones replacement.

48
Q

Function of adrenal glands

A

Found in kidneys and secrete hormones and adrenaline during emergencies.

49
Q

Function of gonads

A

Influence sexual development and behaviour. Male gonads located in testes (testosterone) and females - in ovaries (estrogen).growth of tits, deeper voice for males and pubic hair

50
Q

Role of endocrine system and feedback system

A

Endocrine system tells body what hormones need to be made and also when they need to be released.

Psych 100 (11 decks)

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