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Psych 2022- sensation and perception > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two different ways sound can be used and their meaning?

A

Physical definition: sound is pressure changes in the air or other medium.

Perceptual definition: sound is the experience we have when we hear.

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2
Q

Define amplitude?

A

The magnitude of pisplacement (increase or decrease) of a sound pressure wave. Perceived as loudness and measured in Decibel (dB)

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3
Q

Define frequency?

A

For sound, the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats. Perceived as pitch and measured in Hertz (Hz).

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4
Q

Name the three different aplitudes?

A

A) vibrating body (tuning fork)
B) greater amplitude of movement
C) greater frequency of movement

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5
Q

Humans can hear frequencies that range from about ____ to _______ Hz across a curry wide range of intensities or sound pressure levels (Yanny vs Laurel).

A

20 to 20,000

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6
Q

One of the sinplest sounds is a _____ _____, but they are not common in everyday life.

A

Pure tone

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7
Q

Define aplitude?

A

Sine wave representation of the pressure wave above.

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8
Q

Complex sounds are best described as a _______ that displays how much energy is present in each of the ________.

A

Spectrum

Frequencies

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9
Q

Define loudness?

A

The psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or amplitude.

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10
Q

The psychological aspect of sound related mainly to the sound frequency is called?

A

Pitch

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11
Q

Define timbre?

A

The psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar.

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12
Q

Where are sounds first collected from the environment to the pinnae?

A

Outer ear.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the ear canal?

A

To collect sound waves and funnel them to the tympanic membrane.

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14
Q

What is the name of the ear drum? It’s a drain sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal. Vibrates in response to sound.

A

Tympanic membrane.

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15
Q

What are the three tiny bones that are in the middle ear and trasmit sounds to the inner ear?

A

Ossicles, malleus and incus

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16
Q

Define ossicles?

A

The smallest bone in the body

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17
Q

What is the name for the part of the middle ear that receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus?

A

Malleus.

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18
Q

What is the incus?

A

The middle ossicles.

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19
Q

What is connected to the incus on one end and the oval window of the cochlea in the other.m?

A

Stapes.

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20
Q

Amplification provided by the ______ is essential to our ability to hear faint sounds.

A

Ossicles

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21
Q

Tensor tympani and _____ and muscles in the ________ that decrease ossicle vibrations when tensed.

A

Stapedius

Middle ear

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22
Q

What happens in the inner ear?

A

This is where fine changes in sound pressure are transfixed into neural signals.

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23
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Spiral structure of the inner ear containing the organ of corti.

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24
Q

Cochlea is filled with watery fluids in which three parallel canals?

A

Vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and middle canal.

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25
Q

Vibrations transmitted through _____ _____ and middle-ear bones cause the ______ to push and pull the flexible oval window, which moves the ____ _____.

A

Tympanic membranes, stapes, cochlear fluid.

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26
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

A structure on the basilar membrane of the cochlea that is composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibres.

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27
Q

Movements of the cochlear partition are translated into ______ ______ by structures in the ____ ____ ______.

A

Neural signals,

Organ of corti.

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28
Q

What is the tectorial membrane?

A

A gelatinous structure that extends into the middle canal of the ear, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells.

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29
Q

Vibrations cause _____ of the trctorial membrane, which bends stereocilia attaches to ____ _____ and caused release of __________.

A

Displacement,
Hair cells,
Neurotransmitters.

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30
Q

Different parts of the cochlea are sensitive to different ______. This is because the basilar membrane is thick and narrow towards the base of the ______ and thin and wide bear the apex.

A

Frequencies, cochlea,

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31
Q

Define top down influences?

A

Inner hair cells convey almost all information about sound waves to the brain.

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32
Q

Outer ____ ______ can make parts of the cochlear partition stiffer making inner hair cells more _____ and more sharply tuned to specific _____.

A

Hair cells,
Sensitive,
Frequencies.

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33
Q

Define cochlear nucleus?

A

The first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibres synapse.

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34
Q

Define superior olive?

A

An early brain stem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge.

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35
Q

What is the name for the first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustic organisation?

A

Primary auditory cortex (A1).

36
Q

What is the belt area?

A

A region of cortex, directly adjacent to A1, with inputs from A1, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds.

37
Q

What is the area called where the region of cortex, lateral and adjacent to the belt area, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds, as well as to input from other senses?

A

Parabelt area.

38
Q

What is tonotopic organisation?

A

Neurons respond to different frequencies are organised anatomically in order of frequency.

39
Q

What is a cochlear implant?

A

Tiny flexible coils with miniature electrode contacts.

40
Q

How is the sound stimulus described in terms of pressure changes in the air?

A

Frequency and amplitude.

41
Q

Is sound pressure transduced into neural signals in the outer, middle or inner ear?

A

Inner ear.

42
Q

What are two ear critical for?

A

Determining auditory locations.

43
Q

What are the three things we can use for left-right localisation?

A

Interaural time differences (ITD),

Interaural level differences (ILD) or shape and form of the pinnae.

44
Q

What is the azimuth?

A

The angle of a sound source on the horizon relative to a point in the centre of the head between the ears.

45
Q

When the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other, what is this called?

A

Interaural time differences (ITD)

46
Q

What is the medical superior olive (MSO)?

A

A relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to detection of ITDs and ILDs.

47
Q

Define interaural level differences (ILD)?

A

The difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other.

48
Q

When is ILD nonexistent?

A

0 degrees and 180 degrees.

49
Q

When is ILD largest?

A

90 degrees and -90 degrees

50
Q

Excitatory connections to LsO come from _______ ___.

A

Ipsilateral ear.

51
Q

Inhibitory connections to LSO come from __________ _____.

A

Contralateral ear.

52
Q

What is a potential problem with using ITDs and ILDs for sound localisation?

A

Cone of confusion

53
Q

What is come of confusion?

A

A region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same ITDs and ILDs.

54
Q

What does elevation have to do with localisation of sound?

A

The shape and form of pinnae help determine localisation of sound.

55
Q

What is directional transfer function (DTF)?

A

A measure that describes how the pinnae, ear canal, head, and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space (azimuth and elvation).

56
Q

What is a cue in regards to auditory distance perception?

A

The sinplest cue is relative intensity of sound.

57
Q

What is inverse-square law?

A

Decrease in intensity is equal to the distance squared.

58
Q

As distance from a source _____, intensity _______ faster.

A

Increases,

Decreases.

59
Q

What is location in regards to auditorybscene analysis?

A

Use information about where each source is located.

(For example, you can seperate the sound of the vocalist from the sound of the guitar based on localisation cues such as the ITD and the ILD).

60
Q

What is onset time?

A

If two sounds start at slightly different times, it is likely that they came from different sources.

61
Q

Sounds that have the same _____ or _____ range are often produced by the same source.

A

Timbre or pitch

62
Q

What is restoration?

A

Restoration is filling in the gaps when there are interruptions in the sound stream and so we perceive sound as continuous.

63
Q

How does the auditory system sort out multiple sound sources?

A

By using location, onset, pitch, and timbre.

64
Q

How many languages are spoken today and how many different speech sounds are utilised?

A

5000 languages and 850 different speech sounds.

65
Q

What is the vocal tract and what are the other two tracts that are included in this?

A

The airway above the larynx used for the production of speech.

Oral tract and nasal tract.

66
Q

What does speech production involve?

A

Respiration (lungs), phonation (vocal cords), and articulation (vocal tract).

67
Q

How to initiate speech?

A

Diaphragm pushes air out of lungs, through trachea, up to larynx.

68
Q

What is phonation?

A

The process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs.

69
Q

When must air pass through two vocal folds?

A

At larynx

70
Q

What is it called for the act of manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract?

A

Articulation

71
Q

What is a spectrogram?

A

A pattern of sound analysis that provides a three-dimensional display plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity in colour or gray scale.

72
Q

What is the short segment of speech that, if changed, would change the meaning of a word?

A

Phoneme

73
Q

What is format in relation to speech?

A

A resonance of the vocal tract that creates a peak in the speech spectrum.

74
Q

Speech production consists of how many consonants and vowels per second?

A

10-15 consonants and vowels

75
Q

What is coarticulation?

A

The phenomenon in speech whereby attributes of successive speech units overlap in articulatorybor acoustic patterns.

76
Q

What causes coarticulation?

A

Experienced talkers positioning their tongue, etc. in anticipation of next consonant or vowel.

77
Q

What is “motor theory” of speech perception?

A

Motor processes used to produce speech sounds are used in reverse to understand the acoustic speech signal.

78
Q

What did McGurk and MacDonald (1976) show in there study?

A

They showed that what someone sees can affect what they hear.

79
Q

What does perception depend on?

A

Experience.

80
Q

Sound distinctions are specific to _______ _____. (Example: ‘r’ and ‘I’ are not distinguished in Japanese).

A

Various languages.

81
Q

Patients with damage to Broca’s area in the _____ ____ have a condition called Broca’s _____.

A

Frontal lobe,

Aphasia

82
Q

What happens when there is damage to Broca’s area?

A

•laboured and stilted speech
•only talk in short sentences
(They can comprehend what others say)

83
Q

If someone has damage to Wernicke’s area and what happens?

A

This occurs in the temporal Lobe

  • speak fluently, although what they say is disorganised and not meaningful
  • great difficulty understanding what others say
84
Q

Why is music good?

A

It is a way to express thoughts and emotions

85
Q

What is absolute pitch?

A

A rare ability whereby some people are able to very accurately name or produce notes without comparison to other notes.

86
Q

Why did we develop misic perception?

A

Sexual attraction, group bonding

Psych 2022- sensation and perception (4 decks)

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