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Intelligence Exam > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

IQ tests - the psychometric approach

A
  • refer to use of psychometric tests to measure intelligence or specific skills and abilities
    assumes that intelligence is something that can be tests
    Gardner would argue there are different types of intelligence and isn’t one single core intelligence - achievements in life should be taken as evidence
  • standardised assessment - testing instructions
    test duration
    testing environment
    makes sure test is repeatable and not due to changes
  • use of tests isn’t the only approach - interview, panel of experts, achievements
  • more objective and specific
    systematic
    replicable
    reliable
  • useful = act as predictors
    need to look at history and evidence
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2
Q

do psychometric tests matter?

A 
- education - correlate highly with IQ tests 
hard to know what is causality 
- employment 
not huge amount of employers who use IQ tests 
- governmental policy
- research 
can be used in: 
- selection 
- diagnosis 
- evaluation
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3
Q

measuring intelligence

A

FRANCIS GALTON
- first to discuss early scientific terms of intelligence
- to measure intelligence need to look at family history
those who are eminent - eminent relatives
not environment but genetic inheritance
first to suggest twin and adoption studies as method to measure
- believed physical markers of intelligence
- led to discovery all fingerprints are different
- tested participants: looked at personal and family history
- testing involved thing measurements of height, head length, strength, vision, hearing and reaction times

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4
Q

Intelligence tests

A
  • Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in 1994
    aim: identify mentally handicapped children - make sure provide special education
  • tasks of increasing difficulty to represent cognitive development in children 3-10 years
    following lighted match with eyes, shaking hands, naming objects, filling missing words
  • recognised developmental changes in intelligence
  • used sample of 50 children to develop test
    Mental age = level of test passed compared with actual age
    handicapped if intelligence < actual age
  • move to USA: Stanford-Binet Test
    adapted to american children
    additional item
    bigger and more representative sample of 1,000
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5
Q

Intelligence tests continued:

A 
IQ = intelligence quotient (stern, 1912) 
IQ = mental age/actual age x 100 
mental age = actual age = 100
mental age < actual age = < 100 
mental age > actual age = > 100 
- provides single index of intelligence 
- used independent of actual ages 
Army Alpha and Beta tests 
- verbal and non verbal intelligence of army receipts during world war 1
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6
Q

WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)

A
  • widely used, comprehensive test of intelligence
  • provides several indices of intelligence
  • covers ages 17 - 90
  • several editions each standardised on large samples
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7
Q

Ravens Progressive Matrices

A
  • non verbal test of intelligence
  • perceptual relations, mental rotations, analogical reasoning
  • didn’t require people to have specific knowledge - less influence by education levels
Verbal analogies 
General knowledge 
Vocal 
Arithmetic 
- more accurate and specific answer higher you score 
Block design 
Matrix reasoning 
Digit symbol
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8
Q

IQ

A
  • IQ is calculated by looking at how much an individual score different from their mean age group
    IQ scores assume a normal distribution in population - age group mean is set to 100 and SD to 15
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9
Q

The normal distribution

A
  • relative frequency of value in general population
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10
Q

Intelligence tests: features

A
  • variety of tasks to examine multiple abilities
    accuare estimate
    more abilities closer to G
    long and short versions
    reliable estimates obtained by test of reading ability
  • standardised administration
    establish and follow same procedure
    avoid confounds relating to different assessors
    WAIS requires individual administration
  • norm referencing
    individual performance compared to representative sample
  • internal reliability: same concept or ability
  • test-retest reliability - fluctuate by up to 15 IQ points
  • validity
    test should be measuring what it says
    correspond to implicit or explicit theories
    should correlate to external measures taken at same time (concurrent) or future (predictive)
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11
Q

Development of intelligence

A
  • increase in intellectual growth in childhood and early adolescence
    take into consideration that children change a lot
    levels off in late adolescence
  • coincides with rapid brain development - prefrontal cortex
  • intelligence mirror increases in abilities measured IQ tests
  • expansion of general knowledge
    language
    Average vocab 2 yrs = 50-300, 6yr: 14,000; 16 yrs = 40,000
  • better performance of tests in Gf
  • processing speed - visual matching tasks
    locate and circle two identical numbers in a row of six numbers
    short term memory capacity - digit span: 5yrs, 4. 12 yrs: 6. adults: 7
  • abilities related to frontal lobe function (planing, verbal fluency, design fluency, mental flexibility)
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12
Q

The elderly: Changes in IQ with age

A
  • IQ scores change in adulthood and old age
  • different effects for different forms of intelligence
  • verbal IQ shows gradual increase and gradual decline
    still as good in 80s as was in 20s
  • procedural IQ - steep drop from 30
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13
Q

Stability of intelligence: Scottish IQ survey

A
  • given to all children born in 1921 and attending school in scotland
    aims:
  • discover rates of mental deficiency in scotland
  • estimate distribution of intelligence
    tests included:
    following directions
    same-opposites
    word classification
    analogies
    reasoning
    proverbs
    arithmetic
    spatial terms
  • test highly correlated with Binet Test
  • second survey - 1938 (intelligence dropping?)
  • comparisons showed small increase
    550 participants volunteered to take part in second study - cognitive ageing
  • tested multiple times until age of 90
  • IQ scores show significant stability from late childhood to adolescence to adulthood
    age 11 and 80: r=0.66
    age 11 and 90: r=0.54
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14
Q

Intelligence and Education

A
  • IQ scores correlate highly with school attainment
  • IQ scores correlate with education indices
  • correlations also found with IQ tests which dont have similarities with education material
  • strong predictive validity
    IQ scores at 11 –> predict GCSEs
    IQ at 9 –> education achievement at 12
  • students with high IQ do well and enjoy school
    What else would contribute?
  • personality traits
  • motivation
  • learning experience
  • teaching quality and structure
  • school ethos
    Can parental support mediate the effect?
  • correlations between SES or income and educational achievement significantly but lower than between IQ and educational achievement
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15
Q

Intelligence and Occupation

A
  • IQ scores correlate with job status
  • IQ correlation vary across studies - generally high r=0.45
  • cannot be fully explained by other factors like socioeconomic status (SES) or education
  • IQ correlates with ability to successful complete work training
  • IQ correlates with job performance r=0.54
    much better predictor than other indicators:
    CV
    previous knowledge of candidate
    Job interview
    education of candidate
  • prediction varies depending on complexity of job with more complex jobs showing higher correlations
    Low predictions - driver, clerical worker (r=0.37, r=0.32)
    high predictions: manager (0.69), nurse, surgeon, accountant (0.74), engineer (0.70)
  • high IQ workers gain promotion and increase salary
  • high IQ ability allows access to more prestigious, more highly paid jobs
    lawyers, doctors, engineers
  • effects mediated by education, job training and job complexity
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16
Q

Intelligence and health

A
  • IQ quality correlates with mortality rates
  • IQ correlates with survival rates later in life
  • IQ scores of 1M swedish conscripts
  • IQ predicts death by CHD, accidents, suicide and other causes
  • look at effect of education on prediction the relationship between IQ and mortality causes become weaker
  • indices of general health e.g. blood pressure and BMI did not affect relationship
  • IQ does not predict death by cancer
17
Q

Intelligence and mental health: SZ

A
  • patients with SZ show significant decrease in IQ scores ~15
    deficit evidence on early on in disease not result of treatment or chronic effects
  • intelligence impaired long before onset of SZ
    lower IQ predictor of SZ
  • high correlation between SZ and intelligence
  • linked genetic influences
  • genes responsible for individual differences in intelligence
18
Q

Intelligence and mental health: Bipolar disorder

A
  • likelihood intellectual impairment linked to severity of disorder
    linked to episodes of psychosis
    less severe cases show more specific problems with attention, verbal learning and executive functions
19
Q

Is bipolar disorder linked specifically with high intelligence?

A
  • large cohort study (900,000) in sweden examined academic achievement at 16ys and likelihood of subsequently developing mental disorder
  • 280 developed bipolar
    low and high achievers more likely to develop bipolar compared to those performing at average level
20
Q

Intelligence and mental health

A
  • incidence of SZ and bipolar as function of grades at 16 in same cohort of swedish children
  • SZ affects those with low grades with bipolar affects both end of continuum
  • socio-economic factors taken into account
  • link with high grades tended to greater for humanities subjects
21
Q

Intelligence and mental health: Bipolar disorder 2

A
  • swedish study showed non-linear correlation with grades but no intelligence itself
  • other factors could be responsible: attendance, motivation, memory, creativity, attention, diligence, social skills
  • high performance on arithmetic reasoning ask correlated with increase risk of bipolar
  • high performance on visuo-spatial task correlated with reduce risk of bipolar disorder
22
Q

If there is a link between intelligence and bipolar what is the mechanism involved?

A
  • elements of hypomanic patients behaviour can benefit educational attainment
    enhanced access to vocab, good memory, creativity, innovation
    exaggerated emotional responses which can use useful artistic expression
    enhanced stamina
  • presence of these same elements in children couples with predisposition to hypomania may lead to developing bipolar
  • the converse could hold true for low achievers who should be showing predominantly signs for depressive and low mood
23
Q

Intelligence and mental health: mechanism

A
  • IQ affects mortality by affecting a series of intermediate factors
  • higher IQ = better education = better occupation = more money = better health care provision
    diagnosis and care
  • higher IQ = better education = improved disease and injury prevention
    health related behaviours (no smoking, exercise, better diet, fewer risk, taking behaviours
  • cannot discount genetic factors which can influence both IQ and susceptibility to disease
24
Q

Genetic and environmental factors in intelligence

A
  • differences in intelligence = genes and environment
25
Q

What is heritability?

A
  • proportion of individual differences in trait that can be explained by genetic factors in a specific environment
    environmental factors are (1-h2)
  • heritability is not the proportion of train that can be attributed to genetic influence
  • can be inferred by examining groups that differ in genetic similarity
    comparing twins, siblings
  • intelligence can be seen as another heritable trait
    height, weight, personality traits
  • heritability doesn’t mean immunity
    heigh is heritable but increases across generations
  • supportive and impoverished environments will affect heritability
    affect expression of genetic trait
  • environmental differences within or between societies could affect heritability
    lower estimates of heritability in developing countries
    heigh h2: nigeria = 62%, jamaica = 76%, US (black americans) = 87%
    mean height: S.korea 6” > N.Korea
26
Q

heritability: evidence

A 
- family studies 
keeping environment relatively constant 
average 50% genetic similarity 
- twin studies 
better control of environmental factors 
excellent control of genetic similarity 
- adoption studies 
keeping environment relatively constant 
no genetic similarity
27
Q

Twin study

A
  • MZ twins: single fertilised egg - divided into two embryos
    MZ twins 100% genetic similarity: identical twins
    always same sex
  • DZ twins - two simultaneously fertilised egg producing two embryos
    DZ twins 50% genetic similarity
    either same or different sex
  • should we consider DZ twins simply as fraternal siblings
28
Q

Heritability and intelligence

A
  • high estimates of heritability
    range of estimates 40-80%
    parents and children IQ will be similar irrespective of whether they live together or not
  • environment can still affect heritability
    vocab acquisistion
29
Q

Heritability estimates of specific abilities across the life span

A
  • estimates of heritability increase with age of participants from childhood to adulthood and drop again in old age
    MZ twins reared apart tested as adults h2 > 70% and c2 < 10%
  • no evidence that environmental impact increases with age
    family environment interferes with expression of heritability
    adults can select their own environments
  • not clear what causes the drop in old age - variation in cognitive decline
30
Q

Issues with genetics: twin & adoption studies

A
  • twin and adoption studies could over- or under estimate genetic influence on intelligence
  • environment of MZ twins more similar than DZ twins
    treated more similarly, have more common friends and spend more time together
    doesn’t explain that other psychological traits do not have the same correlations e.g. personality and SZ
  • adoption agencies do not allocate children randomly
    preference for middle and high income families
    environmental impact on intelligence higher on low SES families
  • twin adoption studies could over or under estimate genetic influence on intelligence
  • environment of MZ twins more similar than DZ
  • similar friends, lifestyle and treated more similarly
    doesn’t explain that other psychological traits do not have same correlations e.g. personality, SZ
  • adoption agencies do not allocate children randomly
    preference for middle and high income families
    environmental impact on intelligence on low SES families
31
Q

Issues with genetics: assortative mating

A
  • people partner in a non random fashion
    affects variance of traits within population
  • positive assortative mating: most people tend to partner with similar people
    looks, intelligence, religious or political beliefs
  • negative assortative mating: some people will choose to partner with dissimilar people
  • positive assortative mating increased genetic similarity whereas negative assortative mating decreases genetic similarity
32
Q

Environmental influences on intelligence - biological variables: nutrition

A
  • IQ difference between breastfed and non breastfed children (ranging from 2-6 IQ points across studies)
  • subsequent large scale studies and meta analyses found the effect of breastfeeding linked to mothers IQ and family related factors
    mothers IQ correlated with both children’s IQ and likelihood to breastfeed
    removing familial influence removed effect of breastfeeding
    Belfort (2013) found a 3.7 IQ point advantage on verbal intelligence at children tested at age 7
    accounted for maternal IQ and other factors
    received huge amount of press interest
    even if not important in intelligence, breastfeeding has many health benefits
33
Q

Environmental influences on intelligence - biological variables: : Iodine

A
  • mineral essential in the synthesis of thyroid hormones
  • thyroid gland is involved in control of metabolic activities, energy production, oxygen consumption, body weight and growth
  • iodine deficiency causes mental retardation
  • development of the brain during pregnancy and first 3 years after birth is sensitive to iodine deficiency
  • many countries add iodine to cooking salt as supplement
    further inland
  • severe IQ deficits with people with iodine deficiency
  • adequate supplement reduced the deficit considerably (difference 8.7 IQ points)
  • children testes 3.5 year after iodine supplement introduced showed significant increased in IQ
34
Q

Environmental influences on intelligence - biological variables:: Iron

A
  • iron-deficiency anaemia is the most common nutritional disorder in the world
    10% in developed counties and 40% in underdeveloped countries
    affects brain growth and function
    ‘window on vulnerability’ - during first 2 years
  • it affects behaviour and cognitive development of children
    reduce IQ, attention span and emotional responsiveness
  • effects confounded by socioeconomic factors
    poorer environments/countries more likely to suffer due to iron deficient diet
    IQ deficit exaggerated as result
  • not clear whether iron supplements can reverse the cognitive deficit
35
Q

Environmental influences on intelligence - biological variables: : Lead

A
  • highly poisonous can lead to brain and kidney damage and cause miscarriage or premature births
  • the port-pirie longitudinal studies look at effects of lead on children intelligence following large number of children from birth to adolescence
  • port-pirie town close to large lead smelting plant
  • IQ scores varied proportionally to lead concentration in blood samples
  • high concentration worse the deficit
  • performance consistent across testing session
  • persistent effect as result of prenatal and antenatal exposure
36
Q

Prenatal factors: alcohol

A
  • foetal alcohol syndrome caused by heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy
    craniofocal abnormalities, stunt growth
  • more likely to occur in binge drinkers
  • affects the brain (structure and function) and results in extremely severe IQ deficits
  • additional cognitive deficits
    memory, attention, motor difficulties, impaired social skills
37
Q

prenatal factors: tobacco/alcohol

A
  • light drinking (1-6 units per week) during pregnancy the results unclear
    many studies report no harmful effect to child
    others show effects mediated by presence of enzymes responsible for breaking down alcohol
  • government advice is to avoid drinking altogether both during pregnancy and if planning to get pregnant
    protect foetus during first few weeks of pregnancy
  • excessive cigarette smoking during pregnancy can also result in intellectual deficits
    at 18 years children of mothers who smoked excessively ~ 6 IQ points less than non smokers

Intelligence Exam (4 decks)

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