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Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What shape are spirillum bacteria?

A

Spiral

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2
Q

What is an example of a spirillum/spiral-shaped bacteria?

A

Borrelia

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3
Q

What does Borrelia cause?

A

Lyme Disease

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4
Q

Are bacterial cells generally bigger or smaller than eukaryal cells?

A

They are usually smaller than bacterial cells

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5
Q

What is the average range of bacterial cells in length?

A

0.5 to 5 micrometers

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6
Q

What shape are coccus bacteria?

A

Spherical

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7
Q

What is an example of a coccus/spherical-shaped bacterium?

A

Staphylococcus or Streptococcus

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8
Q

What shape are bacillus bacteria?

A

Rod-shaped

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9
Q

What is an example of bacillus/rod-shaped bacteria?

A

Bacillus anthracis or E. coli

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10
Q

What shape are vibrio bacteria?

A

Curved-rod-shaped

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11
Q

What is an example of vibrio/curved-rod bacteria?

A

Vibrio cholera

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12
Q

Streptococcus vs Staphylococcus bacteria are both cocci, meaning that they are both spherical bacteria. What do the strept- and staph- prefixes mean?

A

Strept = in a chain

Staph = in clusters

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13
Q

What shape are pleiomorphic bacteria?

A

They have varied shapes.

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14
Q

What is one of the reasons that pleiomorphic bacteria can change their shapes?

A

Most of them lack cell wall.

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15
Q

Can bacteria really assume multicellular states, yes or no?

A

No. They can only appear to assume multicellular states.

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16
Q

What are the three types of “multicellular” organizations that bacteria can assume?

A

Hyphae, Mycelia and Trichomes

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17
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Branching filaments of cells

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18
Q

What are mycelia

A

Tufts of hyphae

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19
Q

What are trichomes

A

Smooth, unbranched, chains of cells.

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20
Q

What kind of “multicellular organization” can cyanobacteria assume?

A

Cyanobacterial cells can adhere to each other through A COMMON CELL WALL, forming long multicellular filaments

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21
Q

What kind of “multicellular organization” can myxobacteria assume?

A

Myxobacteria are very large! They can join with other types of bacteria

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22
Q

What are some structures external to the cell wall

A

Capsule, flagella and fimbrae

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23
Q

What is the capsule of a bacterial cell

A

A layer attached on the outside of the cell wall

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24
Q

Flagella?

A

Attached to give movement

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25
Fimbrae?
Help bacteria to bind to surfaces
26
Periplasm?
Space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall
27
Inclusion bodies?
Store phosphates, nitrogen, sulphur
28
Plasmid?
Non-chromosomal DNA
29
Ribosomes?
Protein-making machinery
30
DNA Nucleoid?
Genetic information storage
31
Gas vesicles?
Buoyancy
32
Magnetosomes?
Orient cells during movement
33
Cytoskeletal structures?
Guide cell wall synthesis, cell division, & chromosome division during replication.
34
What is the largest area within a bacterium?
The nucleoid region, where chromosomes are.
35
Name the function of each of these 5 kinds of inclusion bodies: 1) Polyhydroxybutyrate granules 2) Sulfur globules 3) Gas Vesicles 4) Carboxysomes 5) Magnetosomes
1) Carbon Storage 2) Sulfur Storage 3) Buoyancy Control 4) Location of Carbon Fixation Rxns 5) Helps bacteria find direction
36
What is another term for inclusion bodies
Elementary Bodies
37
Do Inclusion bodies have capsids, yes or no?
Yes
38
Which enzyme do carboxysomes contain?
RuBisCo
39
Gas vesicles often occur in planktonic organisms, true or false
True
40
Magnetotactic bacteria tend to prefer what kind of environment?
A Microaerophilic environment
41
What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton in bacteria?
Cell synthesis and cell division
42
What are two cytoskeletal proteins in bacteria
FtsZ & MreB
43
What is FtsZ a homolog of and what is MreB a homolog of?
Ftsz: homolog of tubulin MreB: homolog of actin
44
Purpose of FtsZ?
Aiding cell division
45
Purpose of MreB?
Providing structure to cell
46
What is the internal action of MreB?
Forms actin-like helical bands (ring structure) internally, enforcing the bacterial shape.
47
Which three proteins help split plasmids when bacterial cells are splitting?
Par M, Par R & Par C forming the MRC complex
48
Explain how the MRC complex works
Par M gets activated by ATP binding. Par M looks for Par R, which is always attached to a plasmid. Par C gets activated and they all form a complex. Eventually, Par M separates the two plasmids.
49
Do all cells have plasma membranes?
Yes
50
What are the names of the sterol-like molecules that bacteria may have on their plasma membranes?
Hopanoids
51
What's the purpose of the hopanoids on bacterial plasma membranes?
To help with stability across temp ranges
52
Hopanoids are the functional analogs of which molecule?
Cholesterol
53
How do O2, CO2 and H2O cross the plasma membrane?
O2 and CO2 are small enough to diffuse. Water enters through aquaporin channels.
54
Define osmosis
Osmosis is the flow of water across a selectively permeable membrane, towards the side with higher solute concentration.
55
What is an example of a molecule that uses facilitated diffusion
Glucose. This does not require ATP
56
What are the two types of Active Transport
Co-transport and ABC transporters.
57
Where do bacteria do their electron transport chain reactions?
On their plasma membrane
58
What do bacteria use the proton motive force (PMF) they generate from their electron transport chain to do?
Respiration. Photosynthesis. Motion of their flagella.
59
Can the Plasma membrane act as a bacterial sensory organ?
Yes. Proteins in the bacteria membrane can sense environmental changes.
60
Describe the role of various proteins in protein secretion
- proteins get synthesized by ribosomes - they get attached to SecB and Signal peptide - signal peptide tells them where to go - secB stops protein from folding so it can cross membrane - secA allows it through the SecE, SecG, SecY gate. Only Sec A can give that signal - the protein folds outside of the membrane.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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