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Microbiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What shape are spirillum bacteria?

A

Spiral

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2
Q

What is an example of a spirillum/spiral-shaped bacteria?

A

Borrelia

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3
Q

What does Borrelia cause?

A

Lyme Disease

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4
Q

Are bacterial cells generally bigger or smaller than eukaryal cells?

A

They are usually smaller than bacterial cells

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5
Q

What is the average range of bacterial cells in length?

A

0.5 to 5 micrometers

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6
Q

What shape are coccus bacteria?

A

Spherical

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7
Q

What is an example of a coccus/spherical-shaped bacterium?

A

Staphylococcus or Streptococcus

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8
Q

What shape are bacillus bacteria?

A

Rod-shaped

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9
Q

What is an example of bacillus/rod-shaped bacteria?

A

Bacillus anthracis or E. coli

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10
Q

What shape are vibrio bacteria?

A

Curved-rod-shaped

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11
Q

What is an example of vibrio/curved-rod bacteria?

A

Vibrio cholera

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12
Q

Streptococcus vs Staphylococcus bacteria are both cocci, meaning that they are both spherical bacteria. What do the strept- and staph- prefixes mean?

A

Strept = in a chain

Staph = in clusters

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13
Q

What shape are pleiomorphic bacteria?

A

They have varied shapes.

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14
Q

What is one of the reasons that pleiomorphic bacteria can change their shapes?

A

Most of them lack cell wall.

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15
Q

Can bacteria really assume multicellular states, yes or no?

A

No. They can only appear to assume multicellular states.

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16
Q

What are the three types of “multicellular” organizations that bacteria can assume?

A

Hyphae, Mycelia and Trichomes

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17
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Branching filaments of cells

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18
Q

What are mycelia

A

Tufts of hyphae

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19
Q

What are trichomes

A

Smooth, unbranched, chains of cells.

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20
Q

What kind of “multicellular organization” can cyanobacteria assume?

A

Cyanobacterial cells can adhere to each other through A COMMON CELL WALL, forming long multicellular filaments

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21
Q

What kind of “multicellular organization” can myxobacteria assume?

A

Myxobacteria are very large! They can join with other types of bacteria

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22
Q

What are some structures external to the cell wall

A

Capsule, flagella and fimbrae

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23
Q

What is the capsule of a bacterial cell

A

A layer attached on the outside of the cell wall

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24
Q

Flagella?

A

Attached to give movement

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25
Q

Fimbrae?

A

Help bacteria to bind to surfaces

26
Q

Periplasm?

A

Space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall

27
Q

Inclusion bodies?

A

Store phosphates, nitrogen, sulphur

28
Q

Plasmid?

A

Non-chromosomal DNA

29
Q

Ribosomes?

A

Protein-making machinery

30
Q

DNA Nucleoid?

A

Genetic information storage

31
Q

Gas vesicles?

A

Buoyancy

32
Q

Magnetosomes?

A

Orient cells during movement

33
Q

Cytoskeletal structures?

A

Guide cell wall synthesis, cell division, & chromosome division during replication.

34
Q

What is the largest area within a bacterium?

A

The nucleoid region, where chromosomes are.

35
Q

Name the function of each of these 5 kinds of inclusion bodies:

1) Polyhydroxybutyrate granules
2) Sulfur globules
3) Gas Vesicles
4) Carboxysomes
5) Magnetosomes

A

1) Carbon Storage
2) Sulfur Storage
3) Buoyancy Control
4) Location of Carbon Fixation Rxns
5) Helps bacteria find direction

36
Q

What is another term for inclusion bodies

A

Elementary Bodies

37
Q

Do Inclusion bodies have capsids, yes or no?

A

Yes

38
Q

Which enzyme do carboxysomes contain?

A

RuBisCo

39
Q

Gas vesicles often occur in planktonic organisms, true or false

A

True

40
Q

Magnetotactic bacteria tend to prefer what kind of environment?

A

A Microaerophilic environment

41
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton in bacteria?

A

Cell synthesis and cell division

42
Q

What are two cytoskeletal proteins in bacteria

A

FtsZ & MreB

43
Q

What is FtsZ a homolog of and what is MreB a homolog of?

A

Ftsz: homolog of tubulin
MreB: homolog of actin

44
Q

Purpose of FtsZ?

A

Aiding cell division

45
Q

Purpose of MreB?

A

Providing structure to cell

46
Q

What is the internal action of MreB?

A

Forms actin-like helical bands (ring structure) internally, enforcing the bacterial shape.

47
Q

Which three proteins help split plasmids when bacterial cells are splitting?

A

Par M, Par R & Par C forming the MRC complex

48
Q

Explain how the MRC complex works

A

Par M gets activated by ATP binding. Par M looks for Par R, which is always attached to a plasmid. Par C gets activated and they all form a complex. Eventually, Par M separates the two plasmids.

49
Q

Do all cells have plasma membranes?

A

Yes

50
Q

What are the names of the sterol-like molecules that bacteria may have on their plasma membranes?

A

Hopanoids

51
Q

What’s the purpose of the hopanoids on bacterial plasma membranes?

A

To help with stability across temp ranges

52
Q

Hopanoids are the functional analogs of which molecule?

A

Cholesterol

53
Q

How do O2, CO2 and H2O cross the plasma membrane?

A

O2 and CO2 are small enough to diffuse. Water enters through aquaporin channels.

54
Q

Define osmosis

A

Osmosis is the flow of water across a selectively permeable membrane, towards the side with higher solute concentration.

55
Q

What is an example of a molecule that uses facilitated diffusion

A

Glucose. This does not require ATP

56
Q

What are the two types of Active Transport

A

Co-transport and ABC transporters.

57
Q

Where do bacteria do their electron transport chain reactions?

A

On their plasma membrane

58
Q

What do bacteria use the proton motive force (PMF) they generate from their electron transport chain to do?

A

Respiration. Photosynthesis. Motion of their flagella.

59
Q

Can the Plasma membrane act as a bacterial sensory organ?

A

Yes. Proteins in the bacteria membrane can sense environmental changes.

60
Q

Describe the role of various proteins in protein secretion

A
  • proteins get synthesized by ribosomes
  • they get attached to SecB and Signal peptide
  • signal peptide tells them where to go
  • secB stops protein from folding so it can cross membrane
  • secA allows it through the SecE, SecG, SecY gate. Only Sec A can give that signal
  • the protein folds outside of the membrane.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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