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Evolution and Human Behaviour > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the traditional view of human evolution lead to?

A

A flase progression and therefore the missing link

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2
Q

What is the Piltdown man also known as?

A

Eoanthropus dawsoni

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3
Q

Who painted the painting ‘Dawn Man’ and when?

A

John Cooke in 1915

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4
Q

When was the hoax revealed?

A

1953

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5
Q

How were the bones aged on the hoax?

A

By staining it with iron solution and chromic acid

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6
Q

How were the teeth made to look more human like?

A

By filing them

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7
Q

What hoaxes were found?

A

Medieval human skull bones, Orangutan jaw, chimpanzee tooth, The cricket bat and stone tools

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8
Q

What is evolution?

A

A tree

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9
Q

The longer the line….

A

The further back in time or the further away genetically, depending on what is being analysed.

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10
Q

When did the last common ancestor of monkey and apes live?

A

25 million years ago

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11
Q

When did the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans live?

A

Between 6 and 8 million years ago and we do not yet have its remains.

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12
Q

What are the four sections of evolution?

A

Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes and a sub-section of Great Apes

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13
Q

Which animals are in the Prosimians?

A

Lemurs and Lorises and Tarsiers

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14
Q

Which animals are in the Monkeys?

A

New World and Old world monkeys

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15
Q

Which animals are in the Apes?

A

Lesser Apes

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16
Q

Which animals are in the Great Apes?

A

Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees and Bonobos and Humans

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17
Q

How is time estimated?

A

The Molecular Clock

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18
Q

What does the molecular clock hypothesis assume?

A

That the time for one neutral change in the DNA code to be replaced by another is relatively constant.

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19
Q

How does the mc hypothesis help us estimate time?

A

The number of differences between populations or species can therefore be used to estimate the passage of time.

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20
Q

What does the graph showing constant rate of evolution of the alpha-globin show?

A

That with time increases the difference in amino acids.

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21
Q

What does each point on the graph (alpha-globin) show?

A

A pair or a group of species

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22
Q

What happens to items in a code?

A

Items in code can change but the information coded stays the same

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23
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Genes and the spacer DNA between them

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24
Q

What are genes?

A

Strings of code

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25
Q

What is spacer DNA?

A

It is a string of code is not acted upon

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26
Q

What does it mean if there are more random mutations?

A

It means more time has passed

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27
Q

What happens if the mutation happens in a part being used?

A

It will cause the species to change and evolve and if it happens in a part not being used, there will be no effect

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28
Q

What else has evolved?

A

Language

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29
Q

Who produced the phenogram of 10 primate mitochondrial DNA sequences?

A

Kalinowski S T et al in Genetics 2006 (1379-1383)

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30
Q

What did the phenogram show?

A

That the greater the difference between species, the further to the left the lines are connected.

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31
Q

What else suggests the evolutionary relationship between apes and humans?

A

Skull morphology and mtDNA sequence variation

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32
Q

What are the different regions called in a chromosome?

A

Telemore and centromere

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33
Q

What are the telemores?

A

Structures at the end of each chromosome that contain repetitive DNA and serve as a protective ‘cap’

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34
Q

What is a centromere?

A

A region that binds together chromosome pairs during cell division

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35
Q

What does chromosome pair 2 have?

A

It has a telemore sequences in the middle and two centromeres indicating that it is the product of the fusing of two ancestral chromosomes.

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36
Q

How many chromosomes did Great Apes have?

A

48

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37
Q

How many chromosomes do Humans have?

A

46

38
Q

How have we lost two chromosomes?

A

At pair 2, apes etc have two small ones and we have one large one

39
Q

How many species are in the evolution tree?

A

275

40
Q

When did Neanderthals appear and disappear?

A

500,000 years ago and disappeared 28,000 years ago

41
Q

When was the human genome decoded?

A

In the year 2000

42
Q

How does speciation occur?

A

Very gradually

43
Q

When did the ancestral line diverge into species?

A

4.5-6 million years ago

44
Q

When did the Gorilla lineage split?

A

6-8 million years ago

45
Q

What are the three ways we can connect humans to ancestors?

A

Fossil records, parasites and genetic analysis

46
Q

What is the difference in jaw shape between apes and humans?

A

In apes it is U shaped and in humans it is parabolic

47
Q

What else changed in a human’s mouth?

A

The large canine teeth disappeared, diastema disappeared, pre-molars and molars have small cusps and incisors are small

48
Q

What changed in the diet 3.5 million years ago?

A

There was a large increase of grasses and sedges

49
Q

How are questions about food eaten by fossil species informed?

A

Tooth size/wear, Jaw size/shape and chemical composition

50
Q

How are questions about habit informed?

A

By knowledge of environments where those food types are found today

51
Q

Where are sedge varieties found?

A

In wetland or damp environments

52
Q

What other proof is there about food?

A

That it was processed before being eaten by use of stone tools, cooking or both

53
Q

Why did the crest on the top of the head appear?

A

Because muscles join at the top of the skull and jaw is very powerful

54
Q

Where is the foramen magnum located in humans and where was it located in apes?

A

In the middle of the skull and in chimpanzees at the back

55
Q

Why does the foramen magnum need to be in the middle?

A

Because we are not on all fours, we walk upwards so if it was at the back, it would mean we couldn’t hold our head up

56
Q

Why has our musculature changed?

A

Because we are upright and so we need to have support from the glutes so that we don’t rock side to side and don’t fall forward

57
Q

What shape is the human’s spine?

A

Curved S-spine and the vertebrae wedge shaped in consequence.

58
Q

How long have we been bipedal?

A

3 and a half million years

59
Q

What percentage of births are done by caesarean in the developed world?

A

22-28%

60
Q

Where medical help is not available, how many women die in childbirth and how many suffer severe soft tissue damage?

A

1 in 7

61
Q

How many birth-related neonatal deaths are there?

A

42-49 per 1000

62
Q

How much bigger are human infants than the birth canal?

A

2%

63
Q

What does the shape of human’s spine mean for birth?

A

It means that the mother cannot help her child be born

64
Q

What path did the homo erectus take and what are they also known as?

A

Africa, India, China and Dnamisi

65
Q

What evidence do we have for things they developed?

A

Stone tools, seafarers and first evidence of use of fire and cooking

66
Q

What are archaic homo sapiens known as?

A

Homo heidelbergensis

67
Q

What did archaic homo sapiens achieve?

A

Routinely butchered large animals, fossil records suggesting they used hand axes and built shelters

68
Q

What percentage of Neanderthal Genome lives on in humans?

A

20%

69
Q

Who was to the west and east of the Caspian sea?

A

Neanderthals were to the west and the Denisovans were to the east but there is inferential evidence for a third species

70
Q

When was there last recorded Neanderthal activity and where?

A

30,000 years ago in the Southern Iberian peninsular

71
Q

When were homo floresiensis last around?

A

50,000 years ago

72
Q

What did homo floresiensis live amongst?

A

Elephants and large birds

73
Q

What happens if they are below 30kg?

A

They get bigger and above, smaller

74
Q

What does the modern human tree based in nuclear DNA products indicate?

A

The distances idnicate a 100,000 year time scale

75
Q

When did modern human migration out of Africa start?

A

100,000 years ago with successive waves after that

76
Q

What are the two routes out of Africa?

A

Northern route into the Levant and the Southern route across the ‘gates of tears’

77
Q

How many episodes of limited gene flow were there?

A

Two

78
Q

What was the first episode of limited gene flow?

A

Genetic admixture from Neanderthals to modern humans shortly after the exit from Africa

79
Q

What was the second episode of limited gene flow?

A

Subsequent admixture with the archaic population exemplified by the nuclear DNA extracted from the Denisova finger bone.

80
Q

Which of the parasites did we contract from our ancestry?

A

Tapeworm, malaria and louse

81
Q

What is tapeworm called in beef, pork and fish?

A

Beef = Taenia saginata, Pork = Taenia Solium, Fish = Diphyllobothrium Latum

82
Q

What is tapeworm normally linked to?

A

Domesticated animals but we actually gave it to them

83
Q

Where did human malarial parasite come from?

A

Gorillas

84
Q

What percentage malaria cases is the plasmodium species responsible for?

A

85%

85
Q

Where do 90% of the malarial deaths occur?

A

Sahara desert and in children under 5

86
Q

What three types of louse are there?

A

Head, Pubic and Body

87
Q

When did body louse occur and why?

A

We’ve been wearing clothes for 100-150,000 years so that is when it occurred because they need something to live in.

88
Q

How long were Gorillas living alongside humans?

A

3 million years

89
Q

How long have recognisably human-like species been around?

A

2 million years

90
Q

What percentage Neanderthal is everyone in the world?

A

Somewhere between 1-6%

91
Q

What do fossil records suggest for our origins?

A

East Africa

92
Q

What do the parasite records suggest for our origins?

A

East Africa

Evolution and Human Behaviour (10 decks)

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