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Evolution and Human Behaviour > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does phylogenetic mean?

A

It means comparatively to other species

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2
Q

When did humans start making stone tools?

A

About 3.5 million years ago

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3
Q

Why are these stone tools helpful?

A

Because they act as a window into the human brain - they show that we had high intellectual levels when they were made

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4
Q

How many tools have scientists unearthed in Konso, Ethiopia?

A

350

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5
Q

What is the name of the crows who use tools?

A

New Caledonian Crow

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6
Q

What do the crows use and what do they want to catch?

A

They use sticks and twigs to catch bugs and they will shorten the length of the twig if it doesn’t work

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7
Q

What are the parrots called?

A

African Grey Parrots

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8
Q

What is the Pepperberg parrot called?

A

Alex

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9
Q

What was alex able to identify?

A

Colours, quantities, shapes and sizes

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10
Q

What can dolphins do in terms of tool use?

A

They spend a lot of time at the bottom of the ocean where it is rough and uncomfortable for their beaks so they use sponges and attach them to their noses.

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11
Q

What are the dolphins called?

A

Wilde battlenose dolphins

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12
Q

What are the fish called?

A

Wrasse fish

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13
Q

What do the wrasse fish do to open shells?

A

When shells are very tough, they throw them at rocks so that they open

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14
Q

Which bit of the Palaeolithic period is furthest from us?

A

The lower palaeolitithic

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15
Q

How long ago was the lower Palaeolithic period?

A

2-1.3 million years ago

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16
Q

What tools did they use in the lower Palaeolithic period?

A

Chopper cores for breaking, pounding or bashing and flakes for cutting and scraping

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17
Q

How long are the flakes?

A

15/16 inches long

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18
Q

How long ago was the middle Palaeolithic period?

A

1.2 - 40,001 years ago

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19
Q

What did they use in the middle Palaeolithic period?

A

Tanged Aterian point (Morocco), Acheulean handaxes (France, UK, Africa - dates from 750-90 kbp), acheulean flakes (Kalambo falls, Zambia),

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20
Q

How long ago was the upper Palaeolithic period?

A

40-8 kbp

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21
Q

What did they use in the upper Palaeolithic period?

A

Miscellaneous tools, started making things for decoration and wall paintings

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22
Q

How did they make wall paintings?

A

By putting their hand on a wall, blowing paint through a straw - hands were more often than not female - cant tell by the ring finger size (longer in the male)

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23
Q

Who had bigger brains than the humans?

A

The Neanderthals

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24
Q

What is different about the appearance of the brain through time?

A

There are more indentations as we get further to us

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25
Q

Which part of the brain does the cognitive work?

A

The cortex

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26
Q

How much bigger is our neocortex than predicted for our body size?

A

Three times

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27
Q

Where do we have areas larger than expected?

A

In the neocortex and the cerebellum

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28
Q

Do we have more of less white matter?

A

More

29
Q

How much does an elephant’s brain weigh?

A

4-5kg

30
Q

How much does a human brain weigh?

A

1.2-1.5kg

31
Q

Does the size of the brain matter?

A

No

32
Q

We have more white matter. What is this hypothesis called?

A

It’s called the ‘spare capacity ‘ hypothesis - meaning we have more space in our brains to conceive of other things other than the necessary functions

33
Q

Since brain size is not a good indicator or cognitive ability, what is?

A

The number of neurons

34
Q

If brain size increases, does the number of neurons?

A

No

35
Q

Which way do rodent brains and primate brains face?

A

Rodent brains face right and primates face left

36
Q

If a human’s brain was like a rodent’s, how big would the brain be?

A

35kg - the size of a 85 ton whale

37
Q

What happens to the number of neurons in a rodent when the brain size increases?

A

They increase too

38
Q

Do neurons increase in primate’s brain as it gets bigger?

A

No

39
Q

What is the brain mass of a rodent, primate and human?

A

Rodent and Primate = 1500kg and Human = 1508kg

40
Q

How many neurons does a rodent, primate and human have?

A

Rodent = 12 billion, Primate = 93 billion, Human = 86 billion

41
Q

How many non-neurons does a rodent, primate and human have?

A

Rodent = 46 billion, Primate = 112 billion, Human = 85 billion

42
Q

Why don’t larger bodied primates have larger brains as well?

A

Because they cannot afford the metabolic cost of supporting a larger number of neurons

43
Q

How much of our body weight is the brain?

A

2%

44
Q

How much of out energy does the brain consume?

A

25%

45
Q

What did human evolution do to counter the need for energy?

A

The metabolism increased

46
Q

What did the leap forward in technological advancement lead to?

A

The emergence of homo erectus/homo ergaster

47
Q

When did butchery/meat eating occur?

A

3.4 million years ago

48
Q

How could we increase the energy we consumed?

A

The introduction of habitual fire use

49
Q

When did fire use occur?

A

790,000 years ago but there are suggestions it goes back much further

50
Q

Why is cooking important?

A

Because cooking releases more energy

51
Q

What is the evidence for these fires?

A

The fossil preserved fire pits and the remains of cooked food

52
Q

In which diet is the BMI larger?

A

In those who have more cooke foods

53
Q

How much larger are the BMIs of those who cook compared to those who eat raw food?

A

They are about 20-25% larger

54
Q

From what does campylobacter occur?

A

Raw chicken, lamb, bee, unpasteurised milk and untreated water

55
Q

How quickly does campylobacter happen and for how long does it last?

A

2-11 hours after consumption and lasts for up to a week

56
Q

What does salmonella come from?

A

Raw pork and ham, eggs, poultry, unpasteurised milk etc

57
Q

How quickly does salmonella happen and for how long does it last?

A

12-48 hours after and lasts for varying times depending on the strand

58
Q

What is shigella?

A

It is only found in the intestines of humans and primates

59
Q

How quickly does shigella happen and for how long does it last?

A

12-50 hours and lasts for 3-14 days

60
Q

What is E-Coli contracted from?

A

Raw beef, pork, lamb and unpasteurised milk

61
Q

How quickly does e -coli happen and for how long does it last?

A

1-4 days after and varying times

62
Q

What is clostridium perfringens contracted from?

A

Raw and cooked meats, soil and sewage (8-18 hours and lasts for 1-2 days)

63
Q

What is Bacillus cereus?

A

contracted from soil, dust, rice, dairy and meats like sausages (1-16 hours after and no more than 24 hours)

64
Q

What is staphylococcus aureus?

A

Mainly found in human skin and is contracted from infected cuts, unpasteurised milk and raw and cooked meats (2-6 hours after and lasts no more than 2 days)

65
Q

What does cooking do?

A

It kills off bacteria, longer cooking kills off parasite eggs inside

66
Q

What are the main ingredients of soap?

A

Wood Ash and animal fat

67
Q

When are antiseptic/anti parasitic effects enhanced?

A

When used in combination with appropriate plant material

68
Q

What are onions?

A

A powerful antiseptic

Evolution and Human Behaviour (10 decks)

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