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serpent taming > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of life cycle to ascarids typically have?

A

Direct

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2
Q

What are the primary hosts of Toxocara cati?

A

Wild and domestic felids

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3
Q

What is the most common method of infection with T. cati in wild felids and feral cats?

A

Ingestion of paratenic (transport) hosts

Rodents, birds, chickens, earthworms, ruminants, etc.

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4
Q

Identify this species and describe how to differentiate it from another closely-related ascarid.

A

Toxocara cati

Note the broad, arrow-shaped cervical alae, which are much more distinct than those found in T. canis.

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5
Q

How would you tell the difference between the eggs of T. cati and T. canis?

A

T. cati eggs are very similar to those of T. canis, but are smaller.

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6
Q

How many modes of infection are possible with T. cati?

A

3

Ingestion of larvated eggs (fecal-oral)

Ingestion of paratenic host

Lactogenic

(Recall that T. canis can also move trans-placentally)

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7
Q

True or false:

After ingestion of a paratenic host with T. cati or after lactogenic transmission, it is possible for adults to develop directly in the host intestine instead of undergoing migration.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Where do T. cati eggs hatch after being swallowed by the host?

A

Duodenum

(stomach in T. canis)

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9
Q

How long does it take for freshly-laid T. cati eggs to become infectious?

A

2-6 weeks

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10
Q

How long does it take for freshly-swallowed T. cati eggs to hatch and migrate to the lungs?

A

~4 days

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11
Q

True or false:

T. cati chooses whether to perform tracheal migration or somatic migration based on the host’s age, just like T. canis.

A

FALSE

In T. cati, tracheal migration predominates regardless of age.

This is why trans-placental infection is not a concern for this parasite.

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12
Q

What is the pre-patent period of T. cati?

A

8 weeks

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13
Q

True or False:

You would expect to see a lot of hypobiotic larvae in an adult cat with a T. cati infection

A

FALSE

Recall that T. cati does not usually undergo the Liver/Lung/Somatic migration.

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14
Q

True or False:

In the case of lactogenic transmission with T. cati, the pre-patent period is often reduced.

A

TRUE

In lactogenic transmission, the larvae will often directly develop in the small intestine without undergoing migration.

This can shorten the pre-patent period to as short as 3 weeks.

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15
Q

In the case of lactogenic transmission with T. cati, when are hypobiotic larvae re-activated in female cats?

A

Late pregnancy to early lactation

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16
Q

If a cat is infected with T. cati during gestation, where will the larvae end up?

A

Most will go directly for lactogenic transmission.

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17
Q

Would you expect there to be a lot of hypobiotic larvae in non-feline hosts infected with T. cati?

A

Yes

In paratenic hosts, the Liver/Lung/Somatic pathway predominates, resulting in hypobiotic larvae spread throughout the body.

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18
Q

What would you expect the minimum pre-patent period to be in the case of a cat that ingests a paratenic host infected with T. cati larvae?

A

3 weeks

The pre-patent period can be reduced from 8 weeks because many larvae will not migrate, but will develop directly in the small intestine.

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19
Q

Which animal serves as an important reservoir for T. cati infections?

A

Rodents

Important paratenic hosts.

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20
Q

How long do adult T. cati worms survive in feline hosts?

A

4 to 7 months

21
Q

How long does it take for freshly laid T. cati eggs to become infective?

A

2 weeks or more.

22
Q

List some clinical signs associated with Toxocara infections in cats and dogs.

A

Potbelly

Ill thrift, emaciation (poor doer)

Potentially sneezing/coughing

Vomiting +/- mucoid diarrhea

Kittens and adult cats are often asymptomatic

23
Q

Which drugs could you use to treat T. cati infections?

A

The BIG THREE plus Emodepside

Note that there are fewer anthelmintic drugs approved for cats than there are for dogs.

24
Q

What is the proper deworming regimen for a kitten infected with T. cati?

A

Every 2 weeks until 3-4 months old.

25
Q

What drug could you use to prevent lactogenic transmission of T. cati to kittens?

A

Emodepside (Profender)

Treat mother 5-6 days before parturition.

26
Q

Name an ascarid that infects both dogs and cats.

A

Toxascaris leonina

27
Q

Is this Toxascaris leonina or Toxocara cati?

A

Toxascaris leonina

This species has cervical alae more similar to that of Toxocara canis.

28
Q

Is this Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati?

A

Toxocara canis

Adult morphology of this worm is very similar to that of Toxascaris leonina

29
Q

Is this Toxascaris leonina or Toxocara cati?

A

Toxocara cati

Note the broad, heart-shaped cervical alae.

30
Q

List some characteristics of the eggs of Toxascaris leonina

A

Oval to ellipsoid

Shell is smooth, thick, and colorless

Eggs contain a single cell

Cell occupies less space in shell than Toxocara

31
Q

Identify these eggs

A

Top: Toxocara

Bottom: Toxascaris

Note how the Toxascaris egg has a smooth shell. Also note that the cell in the egg takes up less space than in Toxocara.

32
Q

How many modes of infection are there for Toxascaris leonina?

A

2

Ingestion of larvated eggs (fecal-oral)

Ingestion of paratenic host

33
Q

How long does it take for newly-laid Toxascaris eggs to become infective?

A

6-10 days

34
Q

What is the pre-patent period in a Toxascaris infection?

A

8-10 weeks

35
Q

Would you expect to see hypobiotic larvae in a dog with a Toxascaris infection?

A

NO

Toxascaris does not undergo the Liver/Lung migration in the primary host. Larvae directly develop into adults in the small intestine.

36
Q

Why is there no transplacental or transmammary transmission in Toxascaris infections?

A

Larvae do not undergo the Liver/Lung migration, and thus cannot deposit hypobiotic larvae in the tissues.

37
Q

Why is Toxascaris typically less pathogenic than Toxocara?

A

No Liver/Lung migration

In the case of Toxocara, much of the disease in the host is caused by larvae migrating through the tissues.

38
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Toxascaris infection?

A

In the case of heavy infections:

Vomiting

Diarrhea

39
Q

What drugs are used to treat Toxascaris infections?

A

Same as in Toxocara (the BIG THREE plus Emodepside)

Most are extra-label

40
Q

What are the potential zoonotic complications with the ascarids of dogs and cats?

A

Can cause visceral and ocular larva migrans in humans

(humans serve as a paratenic host)

41
Q

Identify these eggs.

A

Parascaris equorum

round to ellipsoid

thick, robust, pitted shell

90-100 micrometer diameter

sticky albuminous surface

42
Q

How many modes of transmission are there for Parascaris?

A

Only 1

Fecal-oral transmission

43
Q

What is the pre-patent period in Parascaris infections?

A

72-110 days

(10-14 weeks)

44
Q

What is the life cycle of Parascaris once eggs are swallowed?

A

Hatch in small intestine

Liver/Lung/Tracheal migration

Coughed up, swallowed

Adults develop in small intestine

(No somatic migration)

45
Q

Would you expect to see hypobiotic larvae in a host infected with Parascaris?

A

NO

Parascaris does not do somatic migrations.

This is also why there are no transplacental or transmammary transmissions in Parascaris infections.

46
Q

List some clinical signs associated with Parascaris infections in the lungs of horses.

A

Verminous pneumonia (“summer cold”)

Fever, cough, increased respirations

Dirty white mucopurulent nasal discharge

History of relapses after antibiotic treatment

Spontaneous recovery after 3-6 weeks

47
Q

List the clinical signs associated with low-level Parascaris infections in the GI tract of horses.

A

Enteritis

Pot-bellied appearance

Poor growth and weight gain

Decreased appetite

Colic

Diarrhea and pale, fetid feces

48
Q

List the clinical signs associated with high-level Parascaris infections in the GI tract of horses.

A

Decreased or increased gut motility

Intussusception

Impaction with worms

Intestinal rupture and peritonitis, death

serpent taming (13 decks)

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