Lecture 3+4

Question 1

Organic Compounds

Answer 1

primary carbon
Contain functional groups that determine chemical properties and identity
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Organic Compounds (C + H + O)
3 Types
-Monosaccharide
-Disaccharide
-Polysaccharide

Question 3

Monosaccharide

Answer 3

Simple Sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Glucose = most important source of energy
only simple sugars can be utilized for energy

Question 4

Disaccharides

Answer 4

two simple sugars combined.
sucrose, maltose
energy source-must be broken down prior to use

Question 5

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 5

Process by which disaccharides are formed
Dehydration = removal of water (H2O)
Synthesis= formation

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

opposite of dehydration
adding water to create a break
Its the process by which disaccharides are broken down. (only monosaccharides can be utilized by the body)

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

Many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis (over and over again)
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
Storage of energy, needs to be broken down prior to use.

Question 8

Lipids

Answer 8

Lipos = fat (think liposuction)
Caontain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Most insoluble in water (oil and water don’t mix)
Essential structural components of cells (outer cell membrane)

Question 9

Classes of Lipids

Answer 9

*Fatty Acids
*Glycerides
*Eicosanoids
Steroids
*Phospholipids
Glycolipids **versions of fatty acids

Question 10

Fatty Acids

Answer 10

Long Chains of carbon and hydrogen with a Carboxyl Group at one end

Question 11

Carboxyl Group

Answer 11

COOH

Question 12

Fatty Acid (saturated)

Answer 12

Solid at room temperature ex: butter, lard

has single bonds only

Question 13

Fatty Acid (unsaturated)

Answer 13

liquids at room temperature ex: vegetable oil, olive oil
has one or more double bonds
the presence of a double bond causes a sharp bend in the molecule.

Question 14

Eicosanoids

Answer 14

Derived from the fatty acid called arachidonic acid
Short chain fatty acid with 5 carbon atoms in a ring
two classes Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins

Question 15

Leukotrienes

Answer 15

Active in immune system, produced in response to injury/disease

Question 16

Prpstaaglandins

Answer 16

Local Hormones

Question 17

Glycerides

Answer 17

Fatty Acids attached to a glycerol molecule
3 Different types
-Monoglyceride = 1 fatty acid attached to glycerol
-Diglyceride = 2 fatty acid attached to glycerol
-Triglyceride = 3 fatty acid attached to glycerol

Question 18

Triglyceride

Answer 18

Stored In Fat
3 fatty acid attached to glycerol
-energy source
-insulation
-protection

Question 19

Steroids

Answer 19

Four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups. There are 4 types of steroids.

• Cholesterol: component of plasma (cell) membrane
• Estrogen/testosterone: sex hormones
• Corticosteroids and calcitriol: metabolic regulation
• Bile Salts: derived from steroids (found in gallbladder)

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids attached to a phosphate group (cell membrane)

Question 21

Glycolipid

Answer 21

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids attached to a glycolipid (sugar)

Question 22

Proteins

Answer 22

It is the most important organic molecules
Contain Basic Elements
-Carbon (C) 
-Hydrogen (H) 
-Oxygen (O)
-Nitrogen (N)

Question 23

Protein have 7 Major Functions

Answer 23

1. Support - structure proteins
2. Movement - muscles
3. Transport - Transport (carrier) proteins
4. Buffering - regulation of pH
5. Metabolic Regulation - enzymes
6. Coordination and Control - hormones
7. Defense - antibodies

Question 24

Protein Structure

Answer 24

Building Blocks make up all proteins
-20 amino acids (in different combinations)
long chains of amino acids = proteins

Question 25

5 Components of amino acid structures

Answer 25

1. Central Carbon atom
2. Hydrogen atom
3. Amino group (NH2)
4. Carboxyl Group (COOH)
5. Variable side chain or R group