Lecture 3 Flashcards
cluster C (anxious/inhibited PDs)
- avoidant PD (very common)
- dependent PD (less common)
- obsessive-compulsive PD (less common)
cognitive view
sees personality disorders as the expression of underlying dysfunctional beliefs and schemes that make individuals vulnerable to negative experiences. argues that it is not the event itself but the interpretation that causes emotional distress
how is personality shaped?
by schematic representations that emerge in childhood and continue to develop through interaction of biological and environmental factors
attention bias
this is the process of focusing attention on stimuli that are consistent with underlying schemas. accoridng to schema theory, schemas are assumed to be biased toward threats, and cognitive thinking always favor material related to threats
interprtation bias
characterized by the interpretation of information in a typical way that is congruent with the underlying schema. avoidant and dependent PDs vs borderline PD patients were characterized by disorder specific interpretation biases; this is mot the case for OCPD
victimization
80& of individuals with dependent PD are victims of violence. women who were in multiple violent relationships showed dependent PD significantly more. unlike other PDs individuals with dependents PD were often victims of violence by family members
trait anxiety
research shows that dependents exhibit high levels of trait anxiety. in interpersonal conflict, they often react with more anxiety
Blatt’s theory
offers insight into dependent personalities. he described personality development as the integration of self-definition (self-criticism) and interpersonal relatedness (dependence)
self-criticism
includes themes of self-worth, guilt, and lack of autonomy.
dependency
involves concerns about abandonment, loneliness, helplessness, and the desire to be close to others. this dependency style is often the result of a strict, controlling and inconsistent upbringing
two components of dependent PD (Gude et al.)
- dependence/incompetence
- (emotional) attachment/abandonment
characterized by excessive interpersonal dependence (neediness). necessity not only occurs in dependent PD, but also is associated with depression, borderline PD and histrionic PD.
functional dependence
the DSm assesses only one type of dependence. this means that the dependent individual sees themselves as incompetent, lacks self-confidence, and constantly seeks reassurance and support in practical areas. in contract emotional dependence is about being securely attached to another person
avoidant personality disorder
- social avoidance
- hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
- fear of rejection
- feelings of inferiority
Dimaggio et al.
confirmed that avoidant personality traits are related to problems in emotion regulation
Meyer et al.
found that avoidant personality traits were associated with avoiding aversive situations in general. compared with people with borderline traits, people with avoidant PD avoided overstimulation
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
includes a chronic maladaptive patterns of excessive perfectionism, preoccupation with orderliness and details, and need for control over the environment. OCPD has the highest prevalence rate
Shea et al.
found that more than half of those with OCPD failed to meet diagnostic criteria a year later, but other studies indicated that OCPD was much more stable
OCD and OCPD
the presence of OCPD in OCD patients is associated with a younger age of onset of OCD symptoms and a greater frequency of symmetry and hoarding representations. OCPD is often associated with EDs and depression and negatively affects treatment outcomes of OCD, EDs and depression
QUEST-CLC
a study protocol that focuses on comparing the cost-effectiveness of group schema therapy vs. individual schema therapy for patients with cluster-C PDs
schematherapy
an effective treatment approach for cluster-C PDs. however it si unclear whether group or individual therapy is more cost-effective
randomized controlled trial (RCT)
considered the gold standard for evaluating effectivenes of interventions
schematherapy (ST)
is an integrative therapy developed by Young with the goal of improveing interventions for individuals with severe personality disorders
what techniques and concepts does ST interpret?
- cognitive-behavioral
- attachment
- experiential therapy
focus of ST
focuses on early maladaptive schemes (EMSs), which are broad character traits that children may develop in environments that fail to eet their core emotional needs, and schema modes, which are momentary states of mind that control thinking, feelings, and acting in that moment
