Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the three Cluster-C PDs ?
- Avoidant (AVPD)
- Dependent (DPD)
- Obsessive-Compulsive (OCPD)
What are the core characteristics of Cluster-C PDs ?
Anxiety, fearfulness, and excessive worry about how they exist and are perceived in the world
Which Cluster-C PD is the most prevalent ?
Obsessive-Compulsive (3.2%)
Which Cluster-C PD is more common in women ?
Dependent (0.8%)
What is the prevalence of each Cluster-C PD ?
- Avoidant PD: 1.5%
- Dependent PD: 0.8% (more common in women)
- Obsessive-Compulsive PD: 3.2% (historically more common in men)
What is the main feature of AVPD ?
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
What are two common traits of individuals with AVPD ?
Social avoidance & hypersensitivity to criticism
How is AVPD related to social anxiety disorder ?
They share a common fear of negative evaluation & 50% of individuals with social anxiety also meet the criteria for AVPD
What is the main feature of DPD ?
An excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation
What are two core fears of individuals with DPD ?
Fear of abandonment & fear of being alone
What is the most significant risk associated with DPD ?
High risk of suicidal thoughts, ideation, and attempts, particularly in males
What is the main feature of OCPD ?
Preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility and efficiency
What is a key difference between OCD and OCPD ?
- OCD involves intrusive thoughts and compulsions
- OCPD is characterized by perfectionism and rigidity in personality
How does OCPD impact treatment outcomes for OCD & eating disorders ?
OCPD negatively affects treatment results and quality of life
What are the 3 phases of PD assessment in clinical practice ?
- Inventory: Patient history, problem areas, risk assessment, support network
- Classification: Determine if symptoms fit a DSM-5 PD category
- Diagnostic Formulation: Contextualized understanding of patient’s condition, including life history and social factors
What structured interview is commonly used to diagnose IDs ?
SCID-5-PD (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders)
What is the gold standard for personality disorder assessment ?
Structured interviews, which add 40% reliability (SCID-5-PD, SIDP-IV, STIP-5.1)
What are recommended treatments for AVPD ?
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STDP)
- Schema Therapy (ST)
- Affect-Phobia Therapy (AFT)
Why is there a lack of treatment recommendations for DPD & OCPD ?
Lack of sufficient research & evidence
What cognitive biases are common in Cluster-C PDs ?
- Attentional bias (focus on threats)
- Interpretation bias (misinterpreting situations negatively)
- Memory bias (recalling information that confirms schemas)
What does the cognitive model say about PDs ?
PDs are the result of dysfunctional beliefs and schemas developed through biological and environmental influences
What childhood factors contribute to AVPD ?
- Temperamental vulnerability (e.g., hypersensitivity to emotional stimuli)
- Overprotective, sheltering parenting preventing exposure to social interactions
How does AVPD relate to social phobia ?
They share the core fear of negative evaluation and avoidance of social situations
-> the severity continuum hypothesis suggests they exist on the same spectrum, while the attenuation hypothesis suggests they stem from the same genetic traits
What are the two components of DPD ?
- Dependency and incompetence (sees self as incompetent, needs reassurance)
- Attachment abandonment (excessive neediness, fear of loneliness)
What disorders commonly co-occur with DPD ?
- Panic disorder
- Social phobia
- OCD
- Depression
Which Cluster-C PDs are linked to victimization ?
- Dependent PD: 80% experience interpersonal violence, often in multiple abusive relationships
- Avoidant PD: 12% experience interpersonal violence
Which Cluster-C PDs are linked to perpetration of violence ?
- Avoidant PD: More predictive of spousal murder than psychopathy
- OCPD: Most prevalent PD among men convicted of domestic violence (58%)
What self-report tools are used for PD assessment ?
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III)
- Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ-4)
- Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
- Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP-BQ)
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2-RF)
- NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)
- Young Schema Questionnaire
