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Vertebrate Zoology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some skeletal tissues functions?

A

Support, protection, feeding, breathing, locomotion, mineral storage, endocrine (hormones), hematopoiesis (blood cells)

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2
Q

Skeletal tissue types

A

Cartilage, Bone, Bone Marrow

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3
Q

What are mature chondroblasts?

A

Chondrocytes

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4
Q

What do the mechanical properties of cartilage depend on?

A

all come down to the relative abundance of these components in the matrix (extracellular matrix)

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5
Q

True or false: cartilage is vascular

A

false: cartilage is avascular

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6
Q

How do gas & nutrients exchange from chondrocytes?

A

Diffusion

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7
Q

What is an osteoid

A

bone extracellular matrix

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8
Q

True or false: bone is vascular

A

true

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9
Q

What do osteoblasts produce

A

osteocytes

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10
Q

what do osteoclasts come from

A

fusion of macrophages

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11
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

secrete enzymes, eat away at extracellular matrix of the bone and take away

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12
Q

What is bone homeostasis regulated by?

A

osteocytes embedded in the matrix

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13
Q

What is the structural composition of bone dependent on?

A

bone homeostasis & resorption

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14
Q

How is dermal bone formed

A

Formed within the dermis through intramembranous ossification

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15
Q

What is dermal bone made of

A

calcium carbonate

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16
Q

What do crocodilians use osteoderms for?

A

to regulate blood pH and temperature

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17
Q

What intermembranous ossification

A

Bone forms on its own within a membrane (Membrane bone, Dermal bone)

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18
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

a template made of cartilage is replaced by bone during development

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19
Q

Explain the steps of endochondral ossification

A

A template for the bone is made out of cartilage, Chondrocytes are now cut off from oxygen and nutrients so they start secreting help signals and the cartilage ECM begins to break down, Blood vessels are attracted to the chondrocyte’s help signals and infiltrate the center of the cartilage
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts hitch a ride on the blood vessels into the center of the cartilage template, Spongy (interior) and compact (exterior) bone replace the cartilage from the inside out.
This leaves a hollow center (medullary cavity) in the bone which is later filled with bone marrow and larger blood vessels

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20
Q

What is bone marrow

A

fatty (adipose) tissue which sometimes contains hematopoietic and osteogenic stem cells

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21
Q

Describe the skeletal tissue in agnathans

A

no bone, non-mineralized cartilage

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22
Q

Difference in dermal bone between extinct and extant agnathans

A

extinct: dermal bone, extant: no dermal bone

23
Q

Describe the skeletal tissue in gnathostomes

A

reduction in cartilage, mineralized endo-skeletons

24
Q

Describe the skeletal tissue in chondrocytes

A

mineralized cartilage in endoskeleton, no bone

25
Q

Describe the skeletal tissue in osteichthyes

A

cartilage, bone (membrane), bone (endochondral ossification) - bone marrow (only hematopoietic in tetrapods)

26
Q

True or false: Neural crest cells are a vertebrate monophyletic group

A

false: Neural crest cells are a vertebrate synapomorphy

27
Q

What has been been hypothesized about neural crest cells

A

what allowed vertebrates to develop the necessary structures to switch from filter feeding to active predation

28
Q

Where is the chondrocranium?

A

surrounds the brain and encloses the sensory organs. Articulates with notochord

29
Q

Where is the slachnocranium?

A

supports the gills and contributes to the jaws / inner ear bones. Highly derived.

30
Q

what is the dermatocranium?

A

dermal bones that contribute to the jaws, brain case, facial bones. Encloses the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium (made of membranous bone, never cartilage)

31
Q

What happens in the chondrocranium during embryonic development?

A

During embryonic development two pairs of cartilaginous bars and 3 pairs of capsules develop, The parachordals associate with the notochord

32
Q

What happens to the capsules formed during embryonic development?

A

The capsules, bars and notochord eventually fuse and surround the brain and sensory organs

33
Q

True or false: In lineages with a dermatocranium the chondrocranium is only the base of the brain case

A

true

34
Q

What does the splanchnocranium develop from?

A

from the pharyngeal arches

35
Q

What does the splanchonocranium arise from during embryonic development?

A

pharyngeal arches

36
Q

What different functions are pharyngeal slits used for in non-vertebrate chordates vs. aquatic gill breathing vertebrates

A

used for filter feeding vs. some of them develop into the structures that houses the gills

37
Q

What is each pair of gills supported by?

A

a visceral arch, alternating with gill slits leading to gill pouches

38
Q

How many arches are in extant vertebrates?

A

7

39
Q

True or false: Chondrichthyes have a dermatocranium

A

false: Chondrichthyes do not have a dermatocranium

40
Q

What happens to the first 2 pharyngeal arches in gnathostomes?

A

develop into two cartilaginous structures that form the beginning of the jaw

41
Q

what happens to the mandibular and hyoid arch in Chondrichthyes?

A

the embryonic structures remain in place and form the Jaw

42
Q

where is the hyomandibular (H)

A

extends from otic area of chondrocranium

43
Q

where is the certaohyals (C)

A

about posterior end of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilage

44
Q

What is the main side of attachment for the jaw to the chondrocranium

A

the hyoid arch

45
Q

What form of jaw suspension do sharks have? Describe where it is and its function.

A

hyostylic ( jaw connects through the hyomandibula) - permits the shark to protact its jaws

46
Q

What do pharyngeal arches 3-7 do?

A

forms 5 brachial arches which support the 5 pairs of gills

47
Q

What happens to the cartilage splanchnocranium in many species?

A

eventually ossified through endochondral ossification?

48
Q

What does the operculum do in gill breathing bony fishes?

A

made of dermal bone that covers the gills and helps with buccal pumping like the spiracle - instead of spiracle

49
Q

What does the posterior position of the palataquadrate become in Non Mammalian Tetrapods

A

quadrate bone

50
Q

what does the posterior portion of Meckyl’s cartilage become in Non Mammalian Tetrapods

A

articular bone

51
Q

What does the lower jaw connect by in non mammalian tetrapods?

A

articular hinge

52
Q

What do mammals use to attach the mandible (lower jaw) to the rest of the skull

A

dermal bones

53
Q

What does a secondary palate do in Mammals, Crocodilians, and some lizards?

A

separates the mouth from the nasal cavity

54
Q

What is the advantage of separating the mouth from the nasal cavity?

A

Can eat and breath at the same time

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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