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Vertebrate Zoology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

way of showing the relationships between different groups (taxa)

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2
Q

What is a sister taxon?

A

The closest relatives of a taxonomic group

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3
Q

What is the sister group to placental mammals?

A

Marsupials

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4
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

includes an ancestor and all their descendants (clade)

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5
Q

True or false: Characteristics shared by all extant members of a clade were likely present in their common ancestor

A

True

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6
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

includes an ancestor and some their descendants

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7
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

includes two or more descendants but not their ancestor

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8
Q

What is a clade?

A

a group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants (monophyletic group)

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9
Q

What is a Linnean Taxonomy?

A

a rank-based ordering system of clades

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10
Q

True or false: Clades are a fact

A

False. Clades are a hypothesis

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11
Q

What group do chordates belong to?

A

Deuterostomes

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12
Q

What is our sister group within the animals?

A

Echinoderms

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13
Q

What is the oldest recognized Chordate in the fossil record?

A

Pikaia gracilens

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14
Q

How do we decide which species belongs to a clade?

A

Comparative method: Philosophy

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15
Q

What are common or defining traits of a clade?

A

A characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants

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16
Q

How do lancelets feed?

A

Filter feed - bury themselves in the ground

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17
Q

what are the 5 chordate synapomorphies?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  3. Pharyngeal slits
  4. Postanal tails
  5. An endostyle (cephalochordates & urochordates) or thyroid (vertebrates) gland (homologous)
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18
Q

Describe the notochord

A

The notochord is a flexible rod that forms during embryogenesis in all chordates

19
Q

What is a synapomorphic trait?

A

does not need to be expressed at every stage of development

20
Q

What are the three fates of the notochord?

A
  1. Cephalochordates: retain a notochord into adulthood
    - Primary axial structure that supports their body
  2. Urochordates: have a notochord as larvae but lose it during metamorphosis into adulthood
  3. Vertebrates: the vertebral column forms around the notochord during embryogenesis
    - Species vary in how much of the notochord they retain
21
Q

How do lamprey feed?

A

They use their specialized teeth to latch onto and parasitize other larger vertebrates

22
Q

Trait distinguishing agathas

A

No jaw

23
Q

How do hagfish feed?

A

burrow into and eat the carcasses of dead animals on the bottom of the ocean

24
Q

3 reasons why hagfish are hard to classify:

A

Hagfish are a ghost lineage, hard to find, highly specialized

25
Q

What species are included in cyclostomes?

A

Hagfish and lamprey

26
Q

Gnathostomata distinguishing characteristic

A

Jaw

27
Q

Chondrichthyes distinguishing characteristic

A

Cartilaginous fish

28
Q

Osteichthyes distinguishing characteristic

A

Boney fish

29
Q

Actinopterigii distinguishing characteristic

A

Rays, fins

30
Q

Sarcoptereygii distinguishing characteristic

A

Fleshy fins

31
Q

Lazarus taxa definition

A

Extant species or taxa that were once thought to be extinct.

32
Q

What type of breathing do dipnoi do?

A

bi-modal breathing (they can breathe water (with gills) and air (with lungs))

33
Q

What clade do all modern amphibians belong to?

A

Lissamphibia

34
Q

where must reproduction of Lissamphibia occur?

A

Lissamphibia must reproduce in or near water

35
Q

How are amniotes characterized (2)?

A

by specialized membranes that protect their embryos from water loss, only vertebrates that can live fully terrestrial lives

36
Q

The four mammalian synapomorphies

A

Synapsid skull, Hair, Mammary glands, 3 inner are bones

37
Q

Monotremes distinguishing characteristic (2)

A

lay eggs, offspring hatch at very immature stage then nurse

38
Q

Marsupials distinguishing characteristics (4)

A

give birth to live young, simple placenta, offspring finish developing in pouch where they nurse, short gestation

39
Q

Eutherian mammals distinguishing characteristic (4)

A

Well developed placenta, give birth to live young, long gestation, brown adipose tissue

40
Q

What did the plate tectonics theory predict?

A

early on in mammalian evolution a small group of mammals were stranded in Africa when that continent was isolated from the others

41
Q

what is the only extant subclass of the clade Dinosauria?

A

the Aves

42
Q

What animal is the only member of their clade (helps understand Sauropsid evolution)

A

Tuatara

43
Q

What is the anapsid origin hypothesis?

A

most sauropods have a Diapsid skull, extant turtles lack temporal fenestrae

44
Q

Has the Anapsid Origin Hypothesis been refuted and why?

A

Yes - turtle fossils show that (like sauropods), they once had a diapsid skull have since then lost that trait

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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