Lecture 3

Question 1

first vertebrates showed up

Answer 1

544 million years ago

Question 2

the three features of vertebrates that were unprecedented in any previous animal

Answer 2

vertebral column, two semicircular canals,

Question 3

first vertebrae were attached to

Answer 3

the notochord, a gelatinous beam, and radial fin muscles

Question 4

the purpose of the two semicircular canals were

Answer 4

spacial orientation sensors; helped them figure out where they were in 3d space

Question 5

radial fin muscles allowed the first vertebrates to

Answer 5

better control their medial fin movements

Question 6

we know that __________ were in control of the development of a head in early vertebrates

Answer 6

neural crest cells

Question 7

a notochord is

Answer 7

a hydroskeletal stiffening rod in their backs that allows muscle contractions to propel animals

Question 8

early vertebrates had a __________ for propulsion

Answer 8

post-anal tail

Question 9

pharyngeal slits lined with cilia allows

Answer 9

filtering of food

Question 10

endostyle in early vertebrates served to

Answer 10

secrete mucus to trap particles and bind iodine

Question 11

the endostyle of early vertebrates is homologous to our

Answer 11

thyroid gland

Question 12

tubular dorsal nerve tube allows for

Answer 12

neural transmission

Question 13

first vertebrates had a coelom, aka

Answer 13

a hollow body; guts were suspended in the body

Question 14

myomeres

Answer 14

for controlled sectional locomotion

Question 15

dorsal and ventral aorta allow for

Answer 15

non-tidal blood flow

Question 16

in human development, we still have rudiments of the

Answer 16

notochord in the nucleus pulposus

Question 17

vertebrates are deutrerstomes meaning

Answer 17

second mouth

Question 18

the first hole formed in the first vertebrates is the

Answer 18

anus

Question 19

enterocoelic out-pocketing in the deuterostomes forms the _________ that forms our bodies

Answer 19

mesoderm

Question 20

all filter feeders catching

Answer 20

plankton

Question 21

sessile

Answer 21

non-moving and planted on the bottom of the ocean

Question 22

motile

Answer 22

free swimming or benthic walkers

Question 23

planktonic

Answer 23

floating around in the water

Question 24

Echinoderms have

Answer 24

cilia to filter and move food and endostyle to make mucus

Question 25

Echinoderms do NOT have

Answer 25

post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord, or a notochord and vertebrate synapomorphies

Question 26

hemichordates

Question 27

the pharyngeal slits in hemichordates are used

Answer 27

to extrude the water

Question 28

tunicates

Answer 28

the sea squirts

Question 29

tunicates have a

Answer 29

notochord and a post-anal tail (along with endostyle, pharyngeal slits, and dorsal nerve cord from earlier in the clade)

Question 30

tunicates are the

Answer 30

first chordates (clade Chordata)

Question 31

Cephalochordata includes the representative

Answer 31

amphioxus

Question 32

amphioxus could

Answer 32

propel themselves with tail movements

Question 33

amphioxus are the first to have

Answer 33

muscle bundles (myomeres) and dorsal and ventral aorta

Question 34

amphioxus have metapleural folds, which are

Answer 34

v shaped segmented myomeres that allow them to contract in waves

Question 35

amphioxus has no

Answer 35

respiratory system

Question 36

amphioxus exchanged gasses through

Answer 36

diffusion through their thin bodies.

Question 37

the larva of amphioxus use ______ for motility

Answer 37

cilia

Question 38

amphioxus food moves via

Answer 38

cilia and NOT smooth muscle

Question 39

amphioxus has a ventral

Answer 39

aorta to carry ‘blood’

Question 40

amphioxus has a dorsal aorta that distributes blood to

Answer 40

all tissue

Question 41

the pattern of flow ventrally and caudad dorsally is a

Answer 41

Chordata feature found in all vertebrates

Question 42

amphioxus doesn’t have a head and in turn, has

Answer 42

no brain

Question 43

true sister clade to the Vertebrata is the

Answer 43

Myxiniformes or hagfish

Question 44

Myxiniformes or hagfish, along with vertebrates, form the clade called

Answer 44

Craniata; craniates

Question 45

hagfish were traditionally treated as vertebrates through coupling with

Answer 45

lampreys

Question 46

Hagfish are vertebrae-less animals that never

Answer 46

had them in its ancestry

Question 47

hagfish have a single

Answer 47

semicircular canal

Question 48

sister equivalent to the hagfish are

Answer 48

the conodonts

Question 49

tooth-like microfossils were from

Answer 49

conodonts

Question 50

conodonts have no

Answer 50

semicircular canals

Question 51

conodonts are likely between

Answer 51

amphioxus and craniates

Question 52

pitch

Answer 52

up and down in space

Question 53

roll

Answer 53

side to side (turning the body like a barrel roll)

Question 54

yaw

Answer 54

left and right in space