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Comp Vert Anatomy > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

lots of fundamental terms that are needed for the rest of the class

1
Q

Homology

A

similarity in organs from different organisms as a result of inheritance from a common ancestor

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2
Q

Analogy

A

functional similarity among non-homologous organs

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3
Q

phylogenetic

A

the study of genealogical relationships

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4
Q

systematics

A

the study of means by which to interpret or organize such information

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5
Q

cladograms

A

a means of graphically portraying evolutionary patterns/relationships on ‘trees’

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6
Q

monophyletic groups

A

a group with the ancestor and all of its decedents

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7
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of classification or naming groups

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8
Q

character states

A

various forms of individual attributes; e.g. blonde vs brunette hair color

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9
Q

to delineate relationships we use

A

shared derived (evolutionarily changed) characters

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10
Q

primitive or plesiomorphic character states

A

things that are constant and do not change

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11
Q

shared derived/evolutionarily changed characters

A

things that change among species throughout time; used to make a cladogram

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12
Q

what means is considered the most likely path evolution takes

A

the most parsimonious/simplest means of character acquisition

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13
Q

every cladogram is a ________ of how evolution proceeded

A

theory

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14
Q

transformation series

A

a pattern of evolutionary change in character states through time within a clade

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15
Q

outgroup analysis

A

analyzing the outgroups of a clade

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16
Q

outgroup taxa

A

closely related lineages to the one of interest

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17
Q

sister clade

A

the first outgroup of a section

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18
Q

polarity

A

the patterns of change or stasis (no change)

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19
Q

vestigiality

A

organs that are no longer being used for their original function

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20
Q

atavism

A

throw-back structures; a feature that’s brought back from a previous evolution

21
Q

fossils

A

remains of ancient life

22
Q

only 0.1% or less of species that ever lived are

A

represented by living forms

23
Q

a huge morphological bias in making tress is

A

teeth since tooth enamel is the most durable tissue in the body

24
Q

for terrestrial animals, fossils are mostly from

A

fluvial and arid environments; bones are buried quickly

25
Q

the animals that are more commonly fossilized (and in turn more easily discovered) are

A

large animals

26
Q

stasis

A

lack of change in an animal (evolutionarily)

27
Q

anatomical position

A

the standard position an animal should be in before we start explaining direction or movement

28
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

the body is divided by a mid-sagital plane

29
Q

lateral

A

pointing away from the midline

30
Q

medial

A

going closer to the midline

31
Q

proximal

A

closer to the midline on a limb

32
Q

distal

A

further from the midline on a limb

33
Q

frontal plane

A

divides the animal into dorsal and ventral position

34
Q

dorsal

A

towards the spine of an animal (usually)

35
Q

ventral

A

towards the ribs of an animal (usually)

36
Q

transverse plane

A

spliting the animal between the front and back

37
Q

caudal/anterior

A

towards the tail

38
Q

cranial/rosteral

A

towards the head

39
Q

flexion

A

bending of two parts to close an angle

40
Q

extension

A

bending of two parts to open an angle

41
Q

adduction

A

bringing a structure towards the midline of the body

42
Q

abdubction

A

bring a structure away from the midline of the body

43
Q

rotating

A

moving a limb about a certain point

44
Q

heterochrony

A

evolutionary change to developmental time or rates

45
Q

allometry

A

different shape from the starting point; babies

46
Q

negative allometry

A

relatively smaller in the fully developed stage

47
Q

positive allometry

A

relatively larger in the fully developed stage

48
Q

isometry

A

no proportional change of a trait as development occurs

Comp Vert Anatomy (5 decks)

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