Lecture 3 Flashcards
What were the two forces through which animals develop according to Lamarck?
- Complexifying force: strive for better organisation
- Adapting force: change according to circumstance
What are the four main stages of Darwinian evolution?
1- Organisms differ, due to inheritance and random changes
2- The environment and resources change too
3- More organisms are born than there are resources to survive
4- Those which are more adapted to the conditions will reproduce
James
- Focused on function, not contents of consciousness
- Adaptive function of consciousness
- Free will (instinct vs choice)
Galton
- Concluded that bodily and mental characteristics largely inherited
- If great men had great sons, these abilities must be subject to natural selection
What are Freud’s three levels of consciousness?
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
What are the two basic drives proposed by Freud?
- Eros
- Thanatos
What are the three components that Freud suggested comprised personality?
- Superego (internalised morality): societal pressures
- Ego (negotiator): driven by the reality principle
Id (selfish, animalistic) : driven by pressure principle
What are the five stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?
- Oral (weaning)
- Anal (toilet training)
- Phallic (parents, 3-6 years)
- Latency (until puberty)
- Genital (puberty until adulthood)
How can fixation at oral stage influence later behaviours?
Neuroses, compulsive behaviours, smoking, chewing gum, eating/drinking disorders
How can fixation at anal stage influence later behaviours?
Retentive and expulsive behaviours
How can fixation at phallic stage influence later behaviours?
Extremes of dominant and submissive behaviours
What is the Oedipus complex?
- Boys develop sexual feelings for the mother
- Jealousy and resentment toward father
- Fearing the father, boys castration anxiety
What is the electra complex?
- Girls develop feelings for the father, jealously and resentment towards mother
- Not having the ‘correct’ anatomy, girls develop penis envy
What is psychoanalysis?
Aims to release unconscious conflicts by making them conscious through dream interpretation and free association.
