Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is Naturalism and who proposed the idea?
Thales- looking for universal element (phusis) which explains everything
What is Empiricism and who proposes the idea?
Heraclitus- importance of senses (experience) in obtaining knowledge
What is Rationalism and who proposed it?
Parmenides- knowledge obtained from reason rather than experiences
Materialism
Democritus- there is only matter that behaves in a lawful fashion
Determinism
If things behave in a lawful fashion, they don’t have free will
What are the four personality types that made up the early theory of personality
Sanguine: extroverted, impulsive
Choleric: courageous, hopeful
Melancholy: neurotic, conscientious
Phlegmatic: introverted, calm
What are Plato’s forms?
Idealised, externally existing perfect exemplars perceived through our minds.
What were Plato’s first three souls?
Appetitive soul: pleasure, drives. Mortal; located in belly and genital region
Spirited soul: courage, glory. Located in chest/heart
Rational soul: Comes from the realm of forms; immortal. Located in head or brain
What are the 4 causes Aristotle proposed that defined a form?
Material- what something is made of
Essential- what it actually is
Efficient- how it came to be
Final- the purpose for which it exists
What were Aristotle’s thoughts on the soul and the body
Soul is efficient cause of the body, a body without a soul is dead and a soul without a body doesn’t exist
What were the three types of soul in Aristotle’s Naturalism?
Nutritive (plants)
Sensitive (animals)
Rational (humans)
Saint Augustine
- Believed we’re born tarnished with the original sin
- Applied Plato’s views on body and soul to Christianity
Avicenna
Extended and applied Aristotle’s psychology:
- We begin gaining experimental evidence from senses
- use this to develop abstract concepts, building on these using logic and reason
Aquinas
Psychology begins from similar principles as Aristotle
- Humans have natural desire for knowledge
- Non innate ideas, knowledge comes from, experience and reason
However, viewed body and mind as inextricably linked
What were the five faculties proposed by Aquinas?
Vegetative- similar to Aristotle’s nutritive, basic functions
Sensitive- perception and internal senses
Locomotor- movement
Appetitive- responding to stimuli
Intellectual- reasoning
What is dualism?
Idea that mental and physical are different, distinct substances
What is monism?
Idea that there is only one substance
What were the views of Descartes on the mind-body problem?
- Descartes argued that the mind and matter are distinct (substance dualism)
- Also argued that the mind was uniquely human
What is epiphenomanalism?
View that brain states cause mind states but have no effect on physical events
What is occasionalism?
View that mental and physical don’t casually affect each other- God intervenes with each apparent interaction.
Parallelism
View that God doesn’t interact at each step but rather establishes two parallel tracks
What is materialism?
View that everything is physical matter
