Lecture 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Migrant (2)
A
- a person that moves from their heritage culture to a host cultures
- they include sojourners and immigrants
2
Q
Immigrant (1)
A
- a migrant that intends to stay in the host culture permanently
3
Q
Sojourner (1)
A
- a migrant that intends to stay in the host culture temporarily
4
Q
Acculturation Curve (5)
A
- an adjustment pattern found to be shared among many immigrants
- honeymoon stage: initial phase of positive feelings about the host culture
- crisis stage: culture shock in which there are anxious, helpless, irritable and generally disoriented and homesick feelings on moving to host culture
- adjustment stage: gradual phase of adjustment and more positive feelings to the host culture
- for sojourners, reverse culture shock can happen upon return
5
Q
Factors that predict adjustment (3)
A
- cultural distance
- cultural fit
- acculturation strategies
6
Q
Cultural Distance (2)
A
- distance between cultures and their overall ways of life
- acculturation is easier when the cultural distance is smaller
7
Q
Cultural Fit (2)
A
- the degree to which an individual’s personality is compatible with the dominant cultural values of the host culture
- the greater the fit, the more easy acculturation is
8
Q
Acculturation Strategies (4)
A
- success depends on attitudes toward host (effort to participate) and heritage cultures (effort to maintain tradition)
- easiest is integration
- marginalisation is least common and associated with worst acculturation difficulty
- there is also separation and assimilation
9
Q
Identity Denial (1)
A
- when a minority group’s individual identity is called into question because they do not match the prototype of the culture
10
Q
Stereotype Threat (1)
A
- fear of behaving in a way that will unintentionally confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group
11
Q
Stereotype Threat Study (3)
A
- European and African American students took a test consisting of verbal items and some were reminded of their race
- African Americans did poorer on the test in the race prime condition
- merely the activation of stereotype threat can result in the confirmation of the stereotype
12
Q
Blending (1)
A
- tendency for bicultural people to show psychological characteristics in between those of their two cultures
13
Q
Frame-switching (1)
A
- alternating between different cultural selves
14
Q
Evidence for Blending (5)
A
- ppl from Japan and Canada had self esteem measured after arriving at other country and after 7 months of staying
- Canadians are associated w having more self esteem than Asians
- Japanese participants showed higher self esteem after staying in Canada, reverse was seen in Canadians
- However self-esteem scores of the Asians only reached Canadians after being 3rd generation
- Complete acculturation takes time, multicultural people blend cultures together to reach a level that is in the midpoint
14
Q
Evidence for Frame-Switching (5)
A
- Westernized Chinese students were shown a picture with 1 fish swimming ahead and had to explain it
- Either their Chinese or Western knowledge network was activated by primes
- when Chinese context was primed: external attributions (fish is being chased)
- when Western prime: internal attributions (fish is leading)
- ppl switch their cultural frame based on the context that is activated in their mind
14
Q
Bicultural Identity Integration (2)
A
- the extent to which bicultural people see their 2 cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each-other
- the more integration, the more frame switching they usually use
= an individual-level indicator of compatibility of cultures. It involves 2 components: - Harmony (vs. conflict): feelings and attitudes towards cultures;
o “I feel that my Spanish and American cultures are compatible.” - Blendedness (vs. compartmentalization): organization and structure of cultural orientations.
o “I feel Spanish and American at the same time.”
As said before, people with high BII are better at frame-switching and they also have more positive
outcomes (self-esteem, well-being).
14
Q
Monocultural Frame Switching (4)
A
- Biculturals and monoculturals were compared on difficulty to be primed
- they were primed with either independent or interdependent aspects of themselves and asked to rate the importance of individualistic and collectivistic values
- monoculturals showed frame switching too just not as much as biculturals
- biculturals are more skilled at this because they have more clearly separated information networks
15
Q
Integrative Complexity
A
- a willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue
16
Q
Creativity in Real Life Study
A
- it was examined how well multicultural experiences of professional fashion designers predicted the creative innovation ratings of an existing magazine
-Breadth: most creative designers had lived in 2 or 3 countries - Depth: the more years people lived abroad, the higher the rated creativity
-Distance: those who had lived in moderately different cultures were rated as the most creative
17
Q
Culture-bound syndromes (1)
A
- groups of symptoms that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors and hence occur far less frequently in some cultures than others or manifest in highly divergent ways across cultures
18
Q
Hikikomori
A
- unique to Japan
- self-incarceration or withdrawal of all social interaction outside family members for at least 6 months, including no participation in school or work
19
Q
Dhat
A
- most prevalent in South Asia
- morbid anxiety around concerns that one is losing semen
20
Q
Koro
A
- South and East Asia
- morbid anxiety that one’s penis is shrinking into one’s body
21
Q
Amok
A
- a number of Southeast Asian cultures
- acute outburst of indiscriminate violence followed by amnesia and exhaustion
22
Q
Ataques de Nervios
A
- Common in Puerto Rico but also observed in other Latino populations
- emotionally charged, stressful incidents bring on symptoms such as palpitations, numbness and a sense of heat rising to the head
23
Q
Hysteria
A
- women in the 19th century
- symptoms such as fainting, insomnia, sudden paralysis, temporary blindness, loss of appetite for food or sex, general disagreeableness
24
Q
Frigofobia
A
- China
- morbid fear of catching a cold which leads people to dress themselves in heavy coats and scarves even in summer
25
Q
Susto
A
- Latin America
- feelings that a frightening experience has dislodged the soul from one’s body
26
Q
Voodoo Death
A
- most common in Africa
- conviction that one has been cursed or broken a taboo, which results in a severe level of fear that sometimes leads to death
27
Q
Latah
A
- primarily in South Asian cultures but also in Siberia
- transient dissociated state in which one exhibits unusual behaviour after some kind of startling event
28
Q
Malgri
A
- various Australian Aboriginal groups
- the belief that one has been invaded by a spirit that makes them sick and drowsy in response to entering the sea or a new territory without engaging in the proper ceremonial procedures
29
Q
Agonias
A
- Portuguese and Azoreans
- anxiety disorder that can include a wide away of symptoms such as burning sensation, loss of breath, hysterical blindness and sleeping and eating disorders
30
Q
Kufungisisa
A
- Zimbabwe
- anxiety and somatic disorder believed to be caused by excessive thinking
31
Q
Depression
A
- Universal syndrome but prevalence and presentation varies across cultures
- Some cultures experience more somatisation (China)
- Other cultures experience more psychologization (Westerners)
32
Q
Causes of Variation in Depression
A
- Social stigma: in Chinese contexts there may be greater costs in acknowledging a psychological rather than a physical issue compared to Western contexts
- Focus: people from some cultures tend to notice and focus on certain symptoms more than others and more than people in other cultures
33
Q
Social Anxiety Disorder
A
- more prevalent in cultural contexts where there is value placed on fitting in (East Asia)
- however it is less diagnosed in East Asia because interpersonal relationship problems are seen as less of a concern
- there are disorders similar to SAD but with different symptoms (tajin kyoufushou)
34
Q
Tajin Kyoufushou (TKS)
A
- a culture bound syndrome involving preoccupation with physical symptoms (blushing, sweating) associated with social anxiety
- the offensive type of TSK is being concerned that the symptoms will offend and create unease in others
- TKS is different from SAD because it is preoccupation with making others uncomfortable and it is highly prevalent among men
35
Q
Reasons for migration
A
- Push factors: conditions that drive people to leave their country (poverty, armed conflict).
- Pull factors: conditions that attract people to a new country (job opportunities, safety).
- downside is that the model (and neoclassical models) doesn’t provide a complete picture because the capabilities and aspirations to move are also important in understanding migration behavior.
