Lecture 3

Question 1

A Multicultural global team can be defined as…

Answer 1

“…a heterogeneous group of employees from two or more countries, and sometimes from two or more companies, who work together to coordinate, develop, or manage some aspects of a firm’s global operations”.
“…consisting of sometimes highly diverse members
from different countries or cultures and working together either on site or virtually

Question 2

What is an action team?

Answer 2

Team with a defined duration and clear goal where team members work together efficiently and fluently

Question 3

Managing team

Answer 3

team with an indefinite duration and high-level goals the core usually represents different departments. Core task is to coordinate and organize

Question 4

What is a production team

aka work team

Answer 4

team w/ indefinite duration, clear membership the team works together regularly to maintain quality outcomes.

Question 5

What is a project team?

Answer 5

Typically w/ a defined duration and clear deliverables

Question 6

What is a service team?

Answer 6

teams with an indefinite duration and clear membership; their function is providing regular and ongoing support to others and helping them achieve their deliverables (e.g., IT support team).

Question 7

What is important in leadership when it comes to tasks vs. processes?

Answer 7

1. Recognition of main challenges (in how to handle tasks vs. processess) in diverse teams
2. Facilitating these tasks and proccesses to ensure the best outcome

Question 8

What is most important in managing tasks in global leadership?

Answer 8

• Mission and goals
• Task structuring
• Roles and responsibilities
• Decision-making
• Accountability

Question 9

What is most important in managing processes in global leadership?

Answer 9

• Team-building
• Communication
• Participation
• Innovation
• Boundary management
• Conflict
• Performance evaluation
• Inclusion

Question 10

What is global team synergy

Answer 10

The notion that when teams perform well they deliver better than simply the sum of their parts

Question 11

What are important elements for global team synergy when it comes to team structure and leadership?

Answer 11

Purpose
Performance measures
People
Practice
Process

Question 12

What are important elements for global team synergy when it comes to team beliefs and attitudes?

Answer 12

Group cohesion, social safety, social identity, trust and inclusion

Question 13

What does the input-output framework entail?

Answer 13

A framework which synthesizes what happens when a team is in collaboration
The framework states that:
* Input= conditions before team activities
* Processes= interactions between team members while working together
* Output= performance outcomes and other outcomes (such as cohesion)

Question 14

What conditions are included in the input for the input-output framework

Answer 14

• Individual level factors: skills
• Group level factors: group size and composition
• Environment level factors: tasks, stress and reward

Question 15

In the study on virtual teams during Covid by Garro-Abarca, Palos-Sanchez & Aguayo-Camacho (2021

Answer 15

A study was done within the global software development sector on 317 virtual teams, evaluating what factors had effect on virtual team performance they made a distinction between task processes: task –> communication and socio-emotional processes: cohesion, leadership and empowerment –> .

The following relationships were found:
* All socio-emotional processes: empowerment, cohesion and leadership had a significant effect on trust
* trust had a significant effect on virtual team performance
* Tasks had a significant effect on communication
* Communication did not have a significant effect on virtual team performance

Question 16

What were the outcomes of the study on virtual teams by Garro-Abarca, Palos-Sanchez & Aguayo-Camacho (2021

Answer 16

The following relationships were found:
* All socio-emotional processes: empowerment, cohesion and leadership had a significant effect on trust
* trust had a significant effect on virtual team performance
* Tasks had a significant effect on communication
* Communication did not have a significant effect on virtual team performance

Question 17

What is the business case approach in managing diverse teams?

Answer 17

An approach in managing diverse teams which focuses on team functioning and performance

Question 18

What is the equality approach in managing diverse teams?

Answer 18

An approach in managing diverse teams which prioritizes inclusion of members within the team. Focuses on the role of management and inclusive leadership.

Question 19

What did the study on the role of culture on team performance by Boucken et al. aim to do?

Answer 19

The research focused on understanding how diversity in cultural values and team composition affects team dynamics, creativity, and innovation over time. The study utilized a qualitative research design to explore these relationships and generate hypotheses due to the lack of integrative frameworks focused on the impact of cultural diversity on creativity and innovation

Question 20

How was the study by Bouncken et al. conducted?

Answer 20

A qualitative exploratory research approach, involving semi-structured interviews with members of five global innovation teams in the food and cosmetics industry over a two-year period, long-itudinal.
A total of 70 interviews were conducted with team members, project leaders, supervisors, and executives to gather insights on the effects of cultural diversity on team processes, creativity, and innovation.

Question 21

What were the findings within the study by Bouncken et al. regarding influence of national diversity on innovation and creativity?

Answer 21

National diversity within teams can serve as a source of creativity and innovation.
1. Diversity in national backgrounds was found to diversify knowledge and cognitive styles among team members –> improve creativity and innovation
2. National diversity was seen as a motivational factor contributing to group cohesion
3. Challenges such as conflicts arising from power distance differences were noted to deeply impact the innovation process within multi-cultural teams
4. Over time; surface-level cultural differences, such as work and communication styles, could be managed relatively quickly and even lead to the development of intercultural competencies that facilitate future innovation projects.
5. Deep-level cultural differences, particularly related to power distance, were identified as a significant threat to team cohesion, quality of work, and creativity.
–> could be harmful in the future if persisted
6. Team member characteristics and team composition enhance the relationship between motivational factors and innovation
7. Time spent within the team affected coordination and effort within the team

Question 22

What is diversity

Answer 22

Diversity is a characteristic of groups of two or more people and typically refers to demographic differences of one sort or another among group
members (McGrath, Berdahl, and Arrow, 1995).

Question 23

What are the six dimensions of diversity?

Shore et al.

Answer 23

• Race
• Gender
• Age
• Disability
• Sexual orientation
• National origin/ ethnicity

These are inborn/ inherent

Question 24

What are the 8 additional dimensions of diversity?

Answer 24

• Educational background
• Income
• Marital status
• Military experience
• Parental status
• Geographical location
• Religious beliefs
• Work experience

Less permanent/ adaptable

Question 25

What diversity/ differences are important in the workspace?

Answer 25

The ones that have **systematically faced discrimination and oppression at work ** (typically non-whites, women, religious and ethnic minorities, individuals with physical disabilities, older employees, and people with various sexual orientation)

Question 26

What is identity?

Answer 26

‘the internalized and evolving story that results from a person’s selective appropriation of past, present and future’’
Identity is constructed and therefore fluid it can be influenced by socialization.

Question 27

What is the model of identity formation?

Answer 27

A model that relates the
1. individual level of identity; how we view ourselves
2. interaction level; social interactions with others
3. societal level; social and societal structures with each other.
And credits these relations for the formation of identity.

Between the individual and interaction level self-perceptions are shared and perceptions and self-understanding are affected.

Between the interaction and societal level interaction creates social construction of identities which are movd up to society level

Question 28

What is ethnic identity?

Answer 28

“the outcome of an interaction that spans the boundary between majority and minority, thus involving actors from both sides and creating both ethnic minorities and majorities in the process” Wimmer , 2009
–> created by a process

Question 29

Ethnic boundaries

Answer 29

Are created due to behavioral processes and categorical tendencies, as a result:
* One gains a salient ethnic identity, classification and identification as part of an ethnic group
* there is a perceived distinction between oneself and the other from ethnic groups

Question 30

What are the possible psychological consequences of ethnic boundaries?

Answer 30

• Lack of motivation and esteem
• Lack of recognition
• Anxiety
• Fear of being silenced
• Uncertainty

Question 31

What is a microagression?

Answer 31

a term used for everyday, subtle interactions or behaviours (both intentional and unintentional) that communicate hostile or negative attitudes toward stigmatized or culturally marginalized groups.

Question 32

What are the three types of microagressions?

Answer 32

1. **Microassaults **
2. Microinsults
3. Microinvalidations

Question 33

What is a microassault?

Answer 33

comments and statements to intentionally degrade someone based on their (ethnic, racial, sexual, …) identity.

Question 34

What is a microinsult?

Answer 34

Insensitive actions against someone’s identity. (un-)inentional and non-verbal.

Question 35

What is a microinvalidation?

Answer 35

subtle, casual comments (such as a “joke”) that exclude and invalidate a person based on their (ethnic, racial, sexual, …) identity, intentional or unintentional.

Question 36

Tips in managing in cross cultural teams

Answer 36

1. Understand your privilege.
2. Listen and educate yourself.
3. Speak up, but not over.
4. Accept that you’ll make mistakes and apologize!
5. 5. Act!