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BIO130 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how many base pairs are in a genome?

A

3 billion

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2
Q

how does an offspring get its genome?

A

the offspring gets a set of genomes from each parent, one from the mother and the other from the father

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2
Q

does the size of a genome relate to how complex an organism is?

A

no

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3
Q

how many genes code for proteins?

A

20, 000

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4
Q

how much of the genome is repetitive DNA?

A

about half of the genome

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5
Q

how much of the genome codes for proteins?

A

about 1 percent

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6
Q

what are lines?

A

long interspersed nuclear segments

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7
Q

what are sines?

A

short interspersed nuclear segments

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8
Q

what happens to Retrotransposons?

A

get made into RNA during transcription

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9
Q

how do DNA-only transposons move through the genome?

A

through a DNA intermediate

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10
Q

what are protein-coding exons?

A

segments of DNA that are translated into proteins

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10
Q

what are simple repeats?

A

short segments of DNA that are repeated

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11
Q

what are segment duplications?

A

large duplicated DNA segments within the genome

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12
Q

what are unique sequences?

A

sequences within the genome that only occur once

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13
Q

what are the regions that get spliced out of mRNA called?

A

introns

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14
Q

how is DNA packaged in prokaryotes and why?

A

DNA is folded 1000 times to fit in the cell better

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15
Q

is genome packaging easier in prokaryotes or eukaryotes and why?

A

prokaryotes because eukaryotes are more complex

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16
Q

where is DNA held in the cell?

A

nucleus

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17
Q

does the nucleus in eukaryotic cells have a membrane?

A

yes

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18
Q

what is the job of Florence in Situ Hybridization?

A

technique to see certain DNA sequences within the cell

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18
Q

what is the chromosome solution?

A

eukaryotic genome is packaged into chromosomes

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19
Q

what do chromosomes consist of?

A

a long linear DNA molecule and chromatin

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19
Q

what is the process of Florence in Siti Hybridization?

A

a probe binds to a DNA sequence of interest and the probe has to hybridize to bind to the DNA. The probe gives off a fluorescent signal which allows researchers to see the DNA segment of interest

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20
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are there?

A

23

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21
Q

how many chromosomes are there in total?

A

46

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22
Q

what is chromatin?

A

a complex of DNA and protein

23
Q

what does it mean that chromatin is dynamic?

A

chromatin can change to become more accessible for transcription

23
Q

what happens during the mitosis stage of cell division?

A

spindle fibres separate the chromosome pairs and put them at the edges of the cell. Then the cell divides

24
Q

what happens in the interphase stage of the cell cycle?

A

DNA duplicates

25
Q

what are the two main stages in the cell cycle?

A

interphase and mitosis

26
Q

what happens to chromatins during interphase?

A

they isolate from cells

27
Q

what is the fundamental unit of chromatins?

A

nucleosomes

28
Q

what is decondensation?

A

a process researchers do to loosen DNA structure

29
Q

what are histones?

A

small proteins rich in lysine and arginine

30
Q

what is the job of histones?

A

use their positive charge to balance the negative charge in DNA

31
Q

what are the four main proteins histones are main of?

A

H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

32
Q

what does an octamer core consist of?

A

H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 a pair of each protein

32
Q

what molecules form chromatin loops?

A

sequence-specific clamp proteins and cohesion

33
Q

what is H1?

A

a linker histone

34
Q

what replaces condensins when cells go through mitosis and why?

A

cohesins so the chromatin can loop and become more compact

35
Q

how much shorter does the DNA molecule become when packaged into a chromosome?

A

it becomes 10, 000 times shorter

36
Q

what molecules make changes in the chromatin structure?

A

Chromatin remodelling complexes and histone-modifying enzymes

36
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

highly condensed regions of chromosomes

37
Q

what is the condensation like in chromatin?

A

constitutive always condensed or facultative condensed only in certain regions

37
Q

what type of chromosomes does heterochromatin have?

A

meiotic and mitotic chromosomes

38
Q

what region in the nucleus does heterochromatin lie?

A

in regions where gene expression is suppressed

39
Q

what is euchromatin?

A

non-highly condensed chromatin

40
Q

what is the degree of condensation like in euchromatin?

A

it varies

41
Q

what is the level of activity like in euchromatin?

A

it varies

41
Q

what region of the nucleus is euchromatin found in?

A

areas where genes can be expressed

42
Q

which molecules modulate the
reversible switching from euchromatic to heterochromatic regions along chromosomes?

A

Localized covalent modification of histones, chromatin remodelling complexes, and RNA polymerase (transcription) complexes

43
Q

what is chromosome painting?

A

a technique that uses fluorescent or radioactive probes to label and visualize specific regions in the genome

44
Q

what chromosomes are found in the condensed chromosomal territory?

A

heterochromatin

44
Q

Is DNA replication conservative or
semiconservative?

A

semiconservative

45
Q

What is the direction of DNA
replication?

A

bidirectional growth starting from one point

46
Q

Where does DNA replication start?

A

replication origin at the same location

47
Q

which cells use bidirectional growth?

A

Eukaryotes and bacteria use this method

48
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the sequences at replication origins?

A

-Easy to open

  • A-T rich

-Recognized by initiator proteins that bind to the DNA

49
Q

How many origins or replications do bacteria have?

A

one

50
Q

how many origins or replications do eukaryotes have?

A

multiple

51
Q

how does DNA replication proceed in bacteria?

A

circularly

52
Q

what is the symmetry of the replication fork like?

A

asymmetrical

53
Q

what are the ingredients for DNA synthesis? (6)

A

Origin of replication, primers, dNTPs, ATP (as an energy source), DNA polymerase, accessory proteins

BIO130 (6 decks)

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