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BIO130 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic organizational unit of life?

A

the cell

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2
Q

what are all organisms made of?

A

cells

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2
Q

where do cells come from?

A

pre-existing cells

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3
Q

what are the two main types of cells?

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of prokaryotes? (3)

A

-no nucleus

-organelles have no membrane so they float freely in the cell

-single-celled

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5
Q

what are the two main domains of prokaryotes?

A

archaea and bacteria

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of eukaryotes?

A

-has a nucleus

-organelles have a membrane

-single-celled or multicelled

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7
Q

what are three examples of eukaryotes?

A

plants, fungi and humans

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8
Q

which cell is bigger, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

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9
Q

which cell contains less genetic material?

A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

where is genetic material contained in prokaryotes?

A

in a single circular chromosome

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11
Q

what may prokaryotic cells contain?

A

plasmids which are small circular DNA molecules

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12
Q

where is genetic material contained in eukaryotic cells?

A

in the nucleus

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13
Q

decribe the origin of mitochondria?

A

an aerobic cell was captured by an archaeal cell similar to the process of phagocytosis and both cells formed a symbiotic relationship over time

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14
Q

what is Bacterial Ectosymbiosis?

A

is a form of symbiotic behaviour in which an organism lives on the surface of another organism

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15
Q

what were mitochondria like originally?

A

free-living aerobic prokaryotes able to use oxygen to help generate ATP

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16
Q

did early archaeons use oxygen to generate ATP?

A

no

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17
Q

what is evidence showing that mitochondria and chloroplast support the endosymbiont hypothesis?

A

similar structure and proteins to early prokaryotes

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of model organisms? (4)

A

-they can grow quickly

-small

-readily available

-tractable-easy to manipulate

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19
Q

why are model organisms used?

A

They are selected for intensive study because they are most convenient for representing a large group of species

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20
Q

what is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

flow of genetic material

21
Q

what are messengers RNA’s used to make?

A

proteins

22
Q

what are transfer RNAs used to make?

A

used for protein synthesis, specifically to make amino acid sequences

23
Q

what are the two main steps of DNA information flow?

A
  1. DNA is transcribed
  2. DNA translated using ribosome
23
Q

what are ribosomal RNAs used to make?

A

ribosomes

24
Q

what are the ends of one strand of DNA like in terms of polarity?

A

the ends are polar meaning one end is 5’ and the other end is 3’

25
Q

what are the two forms of nucleic acids?

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
25
Q

what is a universal thing RNA uses to make amino acid sequences?

A

universal genetic code

26
Q

what is RNA?

A

a type of DNA that gets translated into proteins

27
Q

what is DNA?

A

the blueprint of an organism

28
Q

what are the parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. pentose sugar
  2. one of the nitrogenous bases
  3. phosphate group(s)
29
Q

what are pyrimidines?

A

nitrogenous bases with one ring

30
Q

what are purines?

A

nitrogenous base with two rings

31
Q

which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

32
Q

which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

uracil, thymine, cytosine

33
Q

what are the differences between DNA and RNA? (2)

A
  1. sugar; RNA has ribose, DNA has deoxyribose
  2. bases; RNA has adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine, DNA has adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine
34
Q

what is DNA made from?

A

deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates or dNTPs

35
Q

what is RNA made from?

A

ribonucleoside triphosphates or NTPs

36
Q

what are nucleotides linked by?

A

phosphodiester bonds

37
Q

what are molecular interactions mediated by?

A

nonpolar interactions between molecules

37
Q

how are phosphodiester bonds formed?

A

between the phosphate groups of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide

38
Q

what are the weak attraction between molecules (4)?

A
  1. electrostatic attractions, attraction between molecules with opposite charges
  2. hydrogen bonds, attraction when the hydrogen on one molecule bonds with the oxygen or nitrogen on another molecule
  3. Van der Waals, the weak attraction between forces causes by temporary dipoles
  4. hydrophobic force, non-polar molecules repel water
39
Q

how do nitrogenous bases pair?

A

adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and cytosine always pairs with guanine

40
Q

why is the DNA structure set up the way it is in terms of energy?

A

to make it energetically stable

41
Q

what are the three forces that keep DNA strands together?

A
  1. hydrogen bonds
  2. hydrophobic interactions
  3. Van der Waals attractions
42
Q

what is the point of major and minor grooves in the DNA sequence?

A

allows bigger or smaller proteins to bind to the DNA sequence

42
Q

what does it mean that DNA strands are complementary?

A

the DNA strands match up at certain base pairs

43
Q

why does DNA unzip?

A

to use as a template to form RNA

44
Q

what does the complementary strand ensure?

A

The DNA is being transcribed as accurately as possible

44
Q

what does it mean the strands in DNA are anti-parallel?

A

one strand runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction and the other runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction

45
Q

What are the two ends of the DNA
strand composed of?

A

5’ end has a Phosphate group (-PO4)

3’ end has a Hydroxyl group (OH

46
Q

how are DNA strands reversed or pulled apart?

A

with the help of protein or heat from a laboratory

BIO130 (6 decks)

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