Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the common MOI to the head, neck and SC?

Answer 1

Compression/axial load
Distraction (hard wrench of the neck laterally)
Torsion (forceful rotation of the neck)
Shearing force

Question 2

What is a key sign for a spinal injury?

Answer 2

CSF in the ears or nose

Question 3

What are the types of skull fractures?

Answer 3

Linear, Depressed, comminuted
MOI - Direct trauma

Question 4

What is an intracranial hematoma?

Answer 4

bleeding within the cranium caused by a direct blow to the head
little space for extra bleeding; leads to increased pressure that causes collateral tissue damage and neurological problems.

Question 5

What is a key sign difference between a fractured mandible and a dislocated one?

Answer 5

dislocated jaws will show displacement and they will not be able to close their mouth.

Question 5

Difference between epidural and subdural hematoma.

Answer 5

Epidural - collection of blood in the space between the dura and spinal/cranial bone
Subdural - collection of blood between the arachnoid and dura mater

Question 6

What is epistaxis? Treatment?

Answer 6

Nose bleed - control bleeding, do not blow nose

Question 7

What are the nose evaluation keys?

Answer 7

Deformity, bleeding, raccoon eyes, lack of smell

Question 8

Where do they spinal nerves roots pass through on the spine?

Answer 8

Transverse Foramen

Question 9

List the cervical spine ligaments:

Answer 9

anterior/posterior longitudinal
Supraspinous
Ligamentum Flavum

Question 10

Which vertebrae do not have vertebral discs?

Answer 10

C1/occiput, C1/C2

Question 11

What is the progression of disc injuries?

Answer 11

Degeneration - less space between discs
Prolapse - bulge
Extrusion - herniation, protrusion
Sequestration - herniation, nuclear material stays outside of disc; major irritant/pain

Question 12

Where are the most common location for disc lesions? What’s the most common MOI? S/S?

Answer 12

Occur posterior more often, occur in the lumbar spine followed by the cervical.
MOI - acute or repetitive stress/loading
S/S - pain, Myotome weakness, reduced/absent reflex

Question 13

What is nerve root impingement? MOI? S/S

Answer 13

Pressure on nerve roots.
MOI - disc pathology, facet joint pathology, transient cervical compression
S/S - pain, spasm, paresthesia, muscle weakness, altered reflexes and atrophy.

Question 14

What is Torticollis?

Answer 14

Wry Neck - Twisted neck syndrome

Question 15

What is a cervical Contusion? What are the major concerns with these? S/S?

Answer 15

MOI - a blow to the throat area
- potential for injury to carotid artery, fx of larynx or tracheal cartilage.
S/S - severe pain, coughing up blood, difficulty talking
Activate EAP, Ice to reduce swelling

Question 16

What is axial loading(of head) and the possible outcomes?

Answer 16

Head down - compression/direct blow to top of head
Transfers load through all vertebral bodies, straightens out cervical lordosis into straight line.
Transient neuropraxia is the lucky outcome.

Question 17

What is a dermatome vs myotome?

Answer 17

Dermatome - area of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve(sensory)
Myotome - group of muscles that are innervated by a single spinal nerve root (motor)

Question 18

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