Lecture 2

Question 1

What is shock?

Answer 1

Circulation failure
- inadequate blood to vital organs
There are different types of shock (e.g.: hypovolemic, respiratory, neurogenic, psychogenic, etc.)

Question 2

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

Answer 2

Signs are things you can see, Symptoms are what you feel (not real)

Question 3

Signs and symptoms of shock

Answer 3

Signs - agitation, rapid weak pulse, shallow breathing, sweating, dilated pupils
Symptoms - nausea, thirst, fear, dizzy

Question 4

What is hyperthermia?

Answer 4

Increased body temperature, failure to decrease body temperature. Leads to heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Question 5

What is the key difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

Answer 5

Heat exhaustion - profuse sweating, wet cool and clammy skin, pulse is weak
Heat Stroke - Sweating ceases, pulse rapid and strong, skin is hot, dry, red,

Question 6

Describe the different stages of frostbite.

Answer 6

First degree - skin initially red then white, painless.
Second degree - skin is firm to the touch, red and swollen, diffuse numbness is preceded by itchy or prickly sensation.
Third Degree - skin is hard to touch, totally numb, appears blotchy white to yellow-grey or blue-grey

Question 7

What are the different types of force loading?

Answer 7

Shear force, Compression, Tension, axial load, 4 point load and 3 point load

Question 8

Difference between acute injury and chronic injury of force application injuries?

Answer 8

Acute = single application of a large force (macrotrauma); definite moment of onset; predictable healing process
Chronic = repeated loading over time(microtrauma)

Question 9

Skin Injuries, List them and their causes

Answer 9

Abrasions - caused by shear
Blisters - repeated shear forces, pocket of fluid between epidermis and dermis
Contusions - caused by compression
Lacerations - breaks in skin

Question 10

List the differences between the 3 degrees of contusions

Answer 10

First degree - superficial tissues are crushed
Second degree - superficial and some deep tissue crushed
Third Degree - deeper tissues crushed (fascia may rupture causing swelling to protrude)

Question 11

List the differences in sprain degrees

Answer 11

1st - few fibres of ligament are torn
2nd - nearly half of fibres are torn
3rd - all ligament fibres are torn

Question 12

List the differences in strain degrees

Answer 12

1st - < a muscle fascicle/bundle
2nd - > a muscle fascicle/bundle
3rd - most or all fibres are torn or a tendinous avulsion is seen

Question 13

difference between tendinitis, tendinosis, and tenosynovitis.

Answer 13

Tendinitis - inflammation of a tendon, abrupt and short term
Tendinosis - persistent, recurring injury by repetitive trauma
Tenosynovitis - inflammation of the tendon sheath lining

Question 14

Inflammation healing process Phases; what are they?

Answer 14

Inflammatory response phase, Fibroblastic repair phase(proliferation), Maturation-remodeling phase.

Question 15

What happens during the inflammatory response phase? What is the intervention here?

Answer 15

Blood loss is reduced, clot is formed
S/S - Swelling, heat, altered function, redness, pain (SHARP)
Intervention - POLICE (Protect, optimal loading, Ice, compression, elevation)
- pain free passive movement is good if possible

Question 16

Why is ice good during inflammation?

Answer 16

Reduces blood flow, reduces inflammation, reduces muscle spasms(due to decreased motor nerve conduction velocity and muscle spindle excitability), reduces pain(cold induced anesthesia)

Question 17

What is important about using ice for treatment?

Answer 17

use during the acute phase
Use an insulating layer

Question 18

Why is Compression a good intervention during inflammation?

Answer 18

Reduces space for swelling to accumulate
- allows for easier breakdown and removal

Question 19

What occurs during the fibroblastic repair phase?

Answer 19

Repair and regeneration of tissue
- development of new blood vessels
- fibrous tissue formation
- re-epithelialization (skin)
- wound contraction

Question 20

What are the S/S and interventions of the fibroblastic repair phase?

Answer 20

S/S - reduction/disappearance in: swelling, heat, altered function, redness, pain
Perform controlled activities - AROM, RROM, muscle endurance exercise
Protective strapping and bracing

Question 21

What occurs during the maturation remodeling phase?

Answer 21

Remodeling of fibrous matrix to form mature scar tissue
- less functional and flexible
Return to normal histochemical activity
collagen proliferation
S/S - acute signs gone
intervention: active ROM and strengthening