Lecture 3

Question 1

Characteristics of life

Answer 1

Life fights entropy to build complex and organized structures using energy. Life maintains and reproduces it’s complex structure.

Question 2

Unicellular vs. multicellular

Answer 2

Unicellular: an organism consist of a single cell and perform all functions
Multicellular: often have different cell types organized into tissues and organs; all eukaryotes

Question 3

CHNOPS

Answer 3

elements: carbon(c), hydrogen(h) nitrogen(n), oxygen(o), phosphorous (p), and sulfur(s).
drive the complexity and diversity of biological systems to understand the structure and function in organisms 0

Question 4

biomolecules

Answer 4

organic molecules present in livings things

Question 5

membranes

Answer 5

outer covering of the cell , usually lipids with embedded proteins (builds structure within cell)

Question 6

Nucleic Acid

Answer 6

Contains and transmit genetic information, instructions for making living things
- the genetic language is written in nucleotides (molecules made up of N,O,H,P)

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

Deoxyribonucleic acid- contains instructions for making proteins

Question 8

RNA

Answer 8

Ribonucleic acid- usually a single strand, same nucleotides, except has uracil instead of thymne

Question 9

Proteins

Answer 9

used as building blocks and drive metabolism
- made of 21 amino acids made of C,H,NO, and sometimes S

Question 10

Alleles

Answer 10

Variations of genes in species; they’re created by mutations, a slight change in the sequence of nucleotides that alters one or more proteins

Question 11

Type of Genes

Answer 11

Structural Genes: make proteins used in building cells or parts of cells

Regulatory Genes: control one or more structural genes (repressors and activators)

Question 12

Gene recombination

Answer 12

critical activity for all organisms

Question 13

Autotrophy

Answer 13

energy from a non organic source

Question 14

photosynthesis

Answer 14

process of plants converting light energy into chemical energy stored in the form of glucose
-its how plants make their own food source using sunlight

Question 15

chemoautotrophs

Answer 15

organisms that obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds rather than sunlight.

Question 16

heterotrophs

Answer 16

cannot produce their own food; energy from an organic source to obtain nutrients

Question 17

Prokaryotes

Answer 17

-reproduction by binary fission
-gene recombination by lateral gene transfer
-reproduction and recombination are not the same in prok.

Question 18

bacteria

Answer 18

hetertrophsd and photsynthesizers

Question 18

Eukaryotes

Answer 18

-mitosis is cell reproduction that is not tied to recombination
-meiosis(created gametes or sex cells) is cell reproduction tied to recombination
-Chromosomes: paired complexes of DNA and protein in the nucleus. each pair has two sets of genes and possibly with different alleles
-cell organelles: tiny structure inside a cell that has a specific job or function ex: nucleus and mitochrondia

Question 18

archea

Answer 18

many chemoautotrophs and are extremophiles

Question 19

Protists

Answer 19

simple, usually single celled eukaryotes, usually plankton or benthic or algae

Question 19

Profiera Sponges and Cnidarians

Answer 19

-Sponges: (skeletons calcareous, siliceous, or spongin)
-Cnidarians:(corals most commonly fossilized)
-Few or no tissues, often suspension feeders, asymmetrical

Question 19

Spore plants v.s seed plants

Answer 19

spore plants: seedless vascular plants
seed plants: all vesicular and produces seeds and pollens

Question 19

opisthokonts

Answer 19

-Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
-fungi: immobile decomposers,
& parasites
-animals: usually mobile, consume everything else

Question 20

Cnidaria

Answer 20

(corals, jellyfish anenomes): Radial symmetry, some tissues

Question 21

Bilaterians

Answer 21

Mostly bilateral (or pentameral) symmetry, many tissues (including muscles)

Question 22

What makes carbon such a prominent atom in the biology of life?

Answer 22

carbon is a key element in biology life; fundamental for building blocks for organic molecules

Question 23

What are the characteristics of nucleic acids? What is the difference between
DNA and RNA?
How does transcription and translation work (very basic)?

Question 24

Know the relationships between a genome, gene, codon, and nucleotide.

Answer 24

genome contains genes, genes contain codon, and codons are made up of nucleotides. theyre all part of the language in genetics

Question 25

What is the difference between a structural and regulatory gene? What do
HOX genes do?

Answer 25

structural genes give specific instructions and regulatory genes control when and where those instructions are used. Hox genes decide the overall body structure during development

Question 26

What is the central dogma of genetics?

Answer 26

The central dogma of genetics is a framework that describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into proteins, representing the fundamental process of gene expression.

Question 27

Know what the two groups of prokaryotes are.

Answer 27

bacteria and archea

Question 28

Know the basic features of “agnathans”, gnathostomes (bony fish, armored
fish, cartilaginous fish), tetrapods (“amphibians” and amniotes) and the
amniote groups (anapsids, synapsids, diapsids).

Answer 28

Agnathans are jawless fish with a cartilaginous skeleton. Gnathostomes include bony fish, armored fish, and cartilaginous fish, while tetrapods encompass amphibians and amniotes. Amniotes further divide into anapsids (e.g., turtles), synapsids (ancestors of mammals), and diapsids (reptiles like dinosaurs and birds).

Question 29

Know the basic features of the animal groups discussed: sponges, cnidarians
(including corals), molluscs, brachiopods, bryozoans, arthropods,
enchinoderms, vertebrates/craniates.

Answer 29

Sponges are lacking true tissues, cnidarians have radial symmetry and often possess stinging cells (cnidocytes), mollusks have a soft body and may have a protective shell, and brachiopods are marine animals with hinged shells. Bryozoans form colonial, filter-feeding encrustations, arthropods are jointed-legged animals with an exoskeleton, echinoderms display radial symmetry and a water vascular system, and vertebrates/craniates have a backbone and skull, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Question 30

Know the basic features of the four plant groups discussed (include which
are spore plants and which are seed plants).

Answer 30

In summary, bryophytes and pteridophytes are spore plants, reproducing through spores, while gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed plants, producing seeds for reproduction.