Lecture 3 Flashcards
Characteristics of life
Life fights entropy to build complex and organized structures using energy. Life maintains and reproduces it’s complex structure.
Unicellular vs. multicellular
Unicellular: an organism consist of a single cell and perform all functions
Multicellular: often have different cell types organized into tissues and organs; all eukaryotes
CHNOPS
elements: carbon(c), hydrogen(h) nitrogen(n), oxygen(o), phosphorous (p), and sulfur(s).
drive the complexity and diversity of biological systems to understand the structure and function in organisms 0
biomolecules
organic molecules present in livings things
membranes
outer covering of the cell , usually lipids with embedded proteins (builds structure within cell)
Nucleic Acid
Contains and transmit genetic information, instructions for making living things
- the genetic language is written in nucleotides (molecules made up of N,O,H,P)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid- contains instructions for making proteins
RNA
Ribonucleic acid- usually a single strand, same nucleotides, except has uracil instead of thymne
Proteins
used as building blocks and drive metabolism
- made of 21 amino acids made of C,H,NO, and sometimes S
Alleles
Variations of genes in species; they’re created by mutations, a slight change in the sequence of nucleotides that alters one or more proteins
Type of Genes
Structural Genes: make proteins used in building cells or parts of cells
Regulatory Genes: control one or more structural genes (repressors and activators)
Gene recombination
critical activity for all organisms
Autotrophy
energy from a non organic source
photosynthesis
process of plants converting light energy into chemical energy stored in the form of glucose
-its how plants make their own food source using sunlight
chemoautotrophs
organisms that obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds rather than sunlight.
heterotrophs
cannot produce their own food; energy from an organic source to obtain nutrients
Prokaryotes
-reproduction by binary fission
-gene recombination by lateral gene transfer
-reproduction and recombination are not the same in prok.
bacteria
hetertrophsd and photsynthesizers
Eukaryotes
-mitosis is cell reproduction that is not tied to recombination
-meiosis(created gametes or sex cells) is cell reproduction tied to recombination
-Chromosomes: paired complexes of DNA and protein in the nucleus. each pair has two sets of genes and possibly with different alleles
-cell organelles: tiny structure inside a cell that has a specific job or function ex: nucleus and mitochrondia
archea
many chemoautotrophs and are extremophiles
Protists
simple, usually single celled eukaryotes, usually plankton or benthic or algae
Profiera Sponges and Cnidarians
-Sponges: (skeletons calcareous, siliceous, or spongin)
-Cnidarians:(corals most commonly fossilized)
-Few or no tissues, often suspension feeders, asymmetrical
Spore plants v.s seed plants
spore plants: seedless vascular plants
seed plants: all vesicular and produces seeds and pollens
opisthokonts
-Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
-fungi: immobile decomposers,
& parasites
-animals: usually mobile, consume everything else
Cnidaria
(corals, jellyfish anenomes): Radial symmetry, some tissues
Bilaterians
Mostly bilateral (or pentameral) symmetry, many tissues (including muscles)
What makes carbon such a prominent atom in the biology of life?
carbon is a key element in biology life; fundamental for building blocks for organic molecules
What are the characteristics of nucleic acids? What is the difference between
DNA and RNA?
How does transcription and translation work (very basic)?
Know the relationships between a genome, gene, codon, and nucleotide.
genome contains genes, genes contain codon, and codons are made up of nucleotides. theyre all part of the language in genetics
What is the difference between a structural and regulatory gene? What do
HOX genes do?
structural genes give specific instructions and regulatory genes control when and where those instructions are used. Hox genes decide the overall body structure during development
What is the central dogma of genetics?
The central dogma of genetics is a framework that describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into proteins, representing the fundamental process of gene expression.
Know what the two groups of prokaryotes are.
bacteria and archea
Know the basic features of “agnathans”, gnathostomes (bony fish, armored
fish, cartilaginous fish), tetrapods (“amphibians” and amniotes) and the
amniote groups (anapsids, synapsids, diapsids).
Agnathans are jawless fish with a cartilaginous skeleton. Gnathostomes include bony fish, armored fish, and cartilaginous fish, while tetrapods encompass amphibians and amniotes. Amniotes further divide into anapsids (e.g., turtles), synapsids (ancestors of mammals), and diapsids (reptiles like dinosaurs and birds).
Know the basic features of the animal groups discussed: sponges, cnidarians
(including corals), molluscs, brachiopods, bryozoans, arthropods,
enchinoderms, vertebrates/craniates.
Sponges are lacking true tissues, cnidarians have radial symmetry and often possess stinging cells (cnidocytes), mollusks have a soft body and may have a protective shell, and brachiopods are marine animals with hinged shells. Bryozoans form colonial, filter-feeding encrustations, arthropods are jointed-legged animals with an exoskeleton, echinoderms display radial symmetry and a water vascular system, and vertebrates/craniates have a backbone and skull, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Know the basic features of the four plant groups discussed (include which
are spore plants and which are seed plants).
In summary, bryophytes and pteridophytes are spore plants, reproducing through spores, while gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed plants, producing seeds for reproduction.
