Lecture 1

Question 1

Systematics

Answer 1

The study of diversity, this includes taxonomy and phylogenetic. Carla Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

Naming and classification

Question 3

Phylogenetic

Answer 3

The study of evolutionary relationships

Question 4

Taxon vs. taxa

Answer 4

A system of nested ranks.
Taxon: a member of any rank
Taxa: distinguished based on characters
Alpha taxa: Bionomial nomenclature
* use Latin and Greek for names

Question 5

Alpha Taxonomy

Answer 5

Genus: a group of closely related species (genus name is first and then trivial name)BIONEM

Subspecies: names are also lowercase and italicized (genus name, trivial name, and subspecies name) TRINOMEN

Question 6

Higher Taxa

Answer 6

Contains:
Subfamily-ends in inae for animals and eae for plants
Family- ends in idae for animals and aceae for plants
Order and Class- ends in ia or es for animals
Phyla - ends in a
Kingdom - endings in variable

Intermediate prefixes - super , sub, infra

Question 7

Typological species concept

Answer 7

All species have an ideal type separate from other species, created independently by god

Question 8

Biological species concept

Answer 8

Members of a species interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other species (Ernst Mayr 1942)

Question 9

Sibling species

Answer 9

Almost identical sympathies species, distinguished based on behavior or molecular differences in genes or proteins. Example: genus empidonax flycatcher

Question 10

Speciation

Answer 10

Is thought to be driven mostly by the geographic isolation of a populations gene pool (allopatric)

Question 11

Morphological (phenetic) species

Answer 11

-Members of a species look similar enough that they are probably the same biological species or very closely related

Question 12

Evolutionary (phylogenetic) concept

Answer 12

Are distinguished by diverging evolutionary paths

Question 13

Holotype (type specimen)

Answer 13

A single specimen specificed when the name is first published

Question 14

Paratype (type specimen)

Answer 14

Referred specimen that are useful for comparison

Question 15

Syntype (type specimen)

Answer 15

Multiple specimen identified when a Taxon in named, sometimes by accident

Question 16

(type specimen) lectotype

Answer 16

One of the syntypes later chosen to be single type specimen (same status as holotype)

Question 17

Paralectotype (type specimen)

Answer 17

The other syntype specimen (if belong to same Taxon)

Question 18

Neotype:

Answer 18

A new type specimen when old one is not diagnostic (same as holotype)

Question 19

Nomianduvian

Answer 19

Dead name

Question 20

Nome superfluvian

Answer 20

Junior synonym
*primary homonymy - can resurrect dead junior synonyms

Question 21

What is the difference between a trivial name and a species name?

Answer 21

Trivial names are non-scientific names used in everyday language, while species names adhere to standardized rules in biological nomenclature.

Question 22

How would you explain it in terms of gene pools and gene flow?
a. What are some ways that closely related biological species can remain separate?
b. What are some problems with the biological species concept?
c. What is a ring species?

Answer 22

-The gene pool of a population represents the total genetic diversity of individuals
-gene flow is the exchange of genetic material between populations
a. Geographic, behavioral, temporal, and mechanical isolation
B. Biological species concept has limitations like difficulty applying to asexual organisms
C. A chain of interbreeding species in which the species at the end of the chain cannot interbreed (ex: European herring gull cannot interbreed with American herring gull because of genetic differences)

Question 23

What needs to be included in a valid description of a type specimen?
a. What are the differences between a holotype, paratype, syntype, lectotype, paralectotype, and neotype?
b. How is priority used to resolve both senior and junior homonymy?

Answer 23

A. type specimen should include detailed information about the characteristics, locality, and other relevant features of the specimen.
B. senior and junior homonymy by giving preference to the first validly published name for a taxon. The earliest published name has priority, and if a conflict arises, the later name must be replaced with a new name