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Animal Physiology I > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

primitive nerve nets

A

-radially symmetric animals (cnidarian: jellyfish, hydra, anemones)
-neurons not specialized (can function as sensory, interneurons, or efferent)
-little preference for conductance direction (impulse radiates in every direction)
-propulsive movements
-no obvious integrating center (still have complex behaviours)

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2
Q

ganglia

A

-clusters of neuronal cell bodies, small independent integrating centers
-first seen in more complex cnidarians

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3
Q

connectives and commissures

A

-in segmented, bilaterally symmetrical animals
-connections between ganglia for more rapid transmission (e.g. L/R coordination)
-connected ganglia ultimately form longitudinal nerve cords

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4
Q

cephalization

A

-fusion of anterior ganglia in more complex animals
-sensory receptors abundant in head
-brain plays larger role in integration

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5
Q

echinoderms

A

-radially symmetrical
-descended from bilaterally symmetrical ancestor that likely had some cephalization
-bilaterally symmetrical larvae
-exception of increasing cephalization trend

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6
Q

cephalopods

A

-large brain: intelligence?
-can distinguish objects, can learn
-can change skin pattern, colour and texture

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7
Q

structure of a vertebrate nerve

A

-groups of axons from many neurons
-enclosed in successive layers of connective tissues
-most nerves contain axons of both afferent and efferent neurons (mixed nerves)
-some are purely afferent or efferent

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8
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

PNS

A

nerves, sensors and effectors

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10
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

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11
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies and dendrites

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12
Q

vertebrate central nervous system

A

-dorsal and ventral horns and roots
-dorsal: afferent (cell bodies outside)
-ventral: efferent (cell bodies inside)

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

conduction speed (myelin sheath) in CNS

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14
Q

astrocytes

A

transport of nutrients, debris, neuroinflammation

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15
Q

microglia

A

maintenance, remove debris and dead cells, neuroinflammation

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16
Q

ependymal cells

A

line fluid-filled cavities (e.g. ventricles), often have cilia to circulate CSF

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17
Q

hindbrain

A

-medulla, Pons, cerebellum
-basic functions

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18
Q

midbrain

A

-mesencephalon
-tectum and tegmentum
-coordination of visual, auditory and sensory info (in mammals, main function is to connect forebrain with hindbrain)

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19
Q

forebrain

A

-telencephalon
-cerebrum (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus), olfactory bulbs
-diencephalon
-hypothalamus/pituitary, thalamus, epithalamus
-complex integration of info

20
Q

evolution of the CNS

A

-conservation of structure and function
-midbrain greatly reduced in mammals, big forebrain
-bony fish and birds: large midbrain and cerebellum (interpretation of sensory signal and coordination of movements)

21
Q

cerebrum

A

processing of information, two hemispheres that are functionally unique

22
Q

left brain

A

control of speech

23
Q

right brain

A

perception and spatial relationships

24
Q

human cerebral cortex

A

-cortex = outer layer of cerebrum - gray matter
-extensive, convergence and divergence across neural networks
-complicated cortical organization allows for complexity in cognitive function and flexibility in response
-involved in cognition, ability to concentrate, reason and think, etc

25
Q

cortical folding

A

-increasing surface area, functional complexity of forebrain (correlates with intelligence)
-sulcus (sulci): groove
-gyrus (gyri): fold

26
Q

frontal lobe

A

reasoning, planning, speech

27
Q

parietal lobe

A

recognition, orientation, sensory

28
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing, memory, speech

29
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

30
Q

cortical areas

A

specific areas correspond to particular functions

31
Q

vertebrate CNS and PNS

A

-CNS and PNS communicate extensively
-CNS receives sensory/afferent inputs from PNS
-CNS integrates signals to generate a response
-sends efferent signals to PNS

32
Q

divisions of the PNS

A

-skeletal muscles (motor or somatic)
-smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (automatic)

33
Q

motor neurons

A

-innervate skeletal muscles
-longest neuron in body
-induce contraction and relaxation patterns for different movements (antagonistic muscle group)

34
Q

Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

-acetylcholine (ACh)(or glutamate in many inverts)
-effects always excitatory

35
Q

effectors

A

-cardiac muscles
-smooth muscles
-glands
-organs

36
Q

autonomic branch

A

-consists of two opposing systems
-tight regulation of physiological systems

37
Q

antagonistic effects

A

-stimulatory vs inhibitory
-homeostatic regulation of most physiological processes

38
Q

sympathetic (SNS)

A

-dominates during stress, physical activity
-“fight or flight” response

39
Q

parasympathetic (PSNS)

A

-dominates at rest
-maintenance functions
-digestion

40
Q

basal tone

A

-balance at rest
-organs receive inputs from branches under resting condition

41
Q

SNS and PSNS structural organization - similarities

A

-2 neurons in series
-preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
-synapse at peripheral autonomic ganglion
-preganglionic cell body in CNS
-terminals in peripheral autonomic ganglion
-postganglionic cell body in peripheral autonomic ganglion
-terminals on effector organ

42
Q

sympathetic

A

-short preganglionic neuron
-long postganglionic neuron
-many synapses per preganglionic neuron
-ACh (cholinergic synapse), norepinephrine (Adrenergenic synapse)

43
Q

parasympathetic

A

-long preganglionic neuron
-short postganglionic neuron
-few synapses per preganglionic neuron
-ACh X2

44
Q

sympathetic anatomical organization

A

-thoracic and Lumbar region (thoracolumnar)
-sympathetic chain ganglia next to spinal cord

45
Q

parasympathetic anatomical organization

A

-cranial and sacral regions (craniosacral)
-ganglia close to effector organ (terminal ganglia)

46
Q

structural differences between sympathetic NS vs parasympathetic

A

-location of cell bodies of preganglionic neuron in spinal cord
-location of ganglia (neuron length)
-number of connections (synapses) made by preganglionic neuron

Animal Physiology I (4 decks)

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