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Animal Physiology I > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

-endocrine cells = all glands that secret hormones
-release chemical messengers (hormones) into circulatory system and carried to target cells

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2
Q

nervous system

A

-electrical signal travel in neuron
-release chemicals (neurotransmitters) into space between neuron and target cell

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3
Q

neuron communication strategy

A

electrical signal releases neurotransmitters into synapse to communicate with target (postsynaptic) cell

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4
Q

neurosecretory cell communication strategy

A

release neurohormones into circulation in response to electrical signals and interface between systems

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5
Q

endocrine cell communication strategy

A

release hormones into circulation

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6
Q

soma

A

cell body

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7
Q

dendrites

A

typically receive incoming signal (result in change in membrane potential)

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8
Q

axon hillock

A

-initiate action potentials
-travels along axon to axon terminals and triggers neurotransmitter release
-axon myelinated or unmyelinated

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9
Q

ion channel types

A

-open under different conditions
-ligand-gated channels open when ligands (neurotransmitter) bind
-voltage-gated (VG) channels open when there is a specific change in membrane potential (open at specific stages of an action potential)

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10
Q

signal transmission

A

-signal travels down the axon to the terminals to communicate with other neurons, muscles or other target cells
-the transmitting neuron is presynaptic and the receiving neuron is postsynaptic
-two types of membrane potentials: graded potentials, action potentials

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11
Q

graded potentials

A

-activated by ligand-gated Na+ channel, cause changes in membrane potential
-synaptic potential
-spatially restricted response
-conduction with decrement

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12
Q

electrical signals

A

-graded changes in membrane potential occur in dendrites and cell body
-are spatially and temporally summated
-if combined depolarization exceeds threshold, an action potential is generated
-spacial summation of Ca+ also prevent generation of APs

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13
Q

electrical signalling

A

-when net change in membrane potential at the axon hillock reaches or exceeds threshold (suprathreshold graded potential)
-an action potential is triggered and travels down the axon (non-graded, all-or-none signal transmission)

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14
Q

stages of action potentials

A

-membrane potential depolarized past threshold potential (-55mV)
-rapid depolarization until 30mV
-membrane potential repolarizes
-membrane potential undershoots resting potential
-resting potential is restored

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15
Q

two voltage regulated gates:

A
  1. activation gate: opens at threshold
  2. inactivation gate: closes at 30mV

also VG K+ channels triggered at threshold (-55mV) but open more slowly than Na+ channels

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16
Q

conduction of APs

A

-Na+ comes in
-induces local depolarization
-opens Na+ channels close by
-Na+ comes in, etc.
-Aps travel down the axon
-only in one direction (absolute refractory period)

17
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the inactivation gate of the Na ion channel closes at 30mV, and remains closed until resting potential is reistablished - impossible to generate AP at an area where an AP has just occured

18
Q

relative refractory period

A

during hyperpolarization - possible, but harder to generate AP

19
Q

myelin sheath

A

a (mostly) vertebrate feature; a highly compacted, fatty substance

20
Q

PNS

A

Schwann cells wrap axon

21
Q

CNS

A

oligodendrocytes (OLs) wrap axons

22
Q

Schwann cells/OLs

A

-produce myelin - acts as insulation, preserving electrical potential
-increases resistance, reduces capacitance - like insulation on an electrical wire

23
Q

signal transmission

A

increases speed and efficiency of electrical transmission

24
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

lots of voltage-gated Na+ channels

25
Q

saltatory conduction

A

APs jump from node to node along the axon

26
Q

graded potentials

A

-vary in magnitude
-vary in duration
-decay with distance
-occur in dendrites and cell body
-caused by opening and closing of many kinds of ion channels

27
Q

action potentials

A

-always the same magnitude (in a given cell type)
-always the same duration (in a given cell type)
-can be transmitted across long distances
-occur in axons
-caused by opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels

28
Q

cell to cell communication types

A
  1. electrical
  2. chemical (ionotrophic and metabotrophic)
29
Q

electrical synapses

A

gap junctions composed of connexin proteins connect presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes (pore allows fast chemical and ionic transmission)

30
Q

ionotrophic receptors

A

-ligand-gated channels
-rapid changes in post synaptic membrane potential

31
Q

metabolic receptors

A

-signaling cascade opens ion channels
-activates intracellular transduction pathway
-slower changes in postsynaptic membrane potential
-can also modify proteins and gene expression (learning and memory)

32
Q

simple neural networks

A

sensory information detected by receptor –> signal transmitted from a sensory neuron –> efferent neuron –> effector organ (response)

33
Q

reflex arc

A

-simple neural circuits that do not involve the conscious centers of the brain
-involuntary
-simple (2 neurons) or complex (many neurons)
-autonomic (e.g. reflex of control of blood pressure)
-somatic (e.g. knee-jerk reflex)

34
Q

ancestral form neural network

A

receptor cell directly innervates an effector cell (little processing, no CNS)

35
Q

monosynaptic neural network

A

sensory neuron synapses with efferent neuron (e.g. knee-jerk reflex)

36
Q

polysynaptic neural network

A

at least one interneuron between sensory and efferent neuron (increases processing capacity)

37
Q

convergence

A

many afferent neurons synapse with one efferent neuron

38
Q

divergence

A

one afferent neuron synapses with many efferent neurons (allows a single signal to control many independent processes, and it is a way to apmplify the signal)

39
Q

sensitization

A

an increase in the response to a gentle stimulus after exposure to a strong stimulus
-electric shock to tail sensitizes response to siphon stimulation
-occurs via facilitating interneurons

Animal Physiology I (4 decks)

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