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102 Microorganisms as plant pathogens > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

Aim: To understand the impact and importance of viral plant pathogens - 3x viruses: Tulip breaking virus GVLRaV-3 Papaya ringspot virus - fungus: South American Leaf Blight S.A.L.B

1
Q

What is tulipomania

A
  • in Netherlands
  • early 1600s
  • unusual variegated color patterns of flowers, especially on tulips, were highly coveted
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2
Q

At the height of trading tulips (1634-1637) how much did a single, rare tulip bulb cots

A

4500 guilders ($2500 USD) plus a horse and a carriage

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3
Q

Why did the Tulip crash occur in 1632

A
  • due to transmissible virus via tuber grafts

called Tulip breaking virus (which caused the unique colors in the tulips)

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4
Q

How is the Tulip breaking virus spread

A

aphid transmitted virus

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5
Q

What genus does the Tulip breaking virus belong to

A

Potyvirus

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6
Q

What is the Leafroll disease (virus)

A
  • one of the most important diseases infecting vineyards throughout the world
  • GVLRav-3
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Leafroll disease (GVLRav-3)

A
  • leaves change color (mottled red)
  • reduced yield
  • reduced fruit quality
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8
Q

How does leafroll disease affect the NZ wine industry (GVLRaV-3)

A

eg. Sauvignon blanc vines potential $58000 NZD per hectare
- infected vines also show reduced yield and fruit quality with lower sugar and acid levels which affects the flavor of the wine

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9
Q

How was it initially thought that GVLRaV-3 was spread

A
  • infected cuttings
  • scion buds
  • rootstock
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10
Q

What have we discovered that spreads the GVLRaV-3 disease

A

spreads within vineyards by mealy bugs

- genus Pseudococcus

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11
Q

How is GVLRaV-3 controlled

A
  • cannot be eliminated from plants in the field
  • propagation wood should be collected from vines that are free of leafroll (tested by ELISA or PCR)
  • control of mealy bugs to limit spread
  • vines are inspected for symptoms late in the growing season and infected vines removed
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12
Q

What is the Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) caused by

A
  • virus disease
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13
Q

true or false; Papaya ringspot virus is the most serious papaya disease

A

true

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14
Q

What was the crop that Hawaii exported to mainland US and Japan

A
  • papaya
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15
Q

When was the production of Papaya eliminated in Oahu because of the virus

A

1940s-1950s

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16
Q

Where was papaya production relocated

A
  • Big Island, Hilo in the 1960s (but virus found again)
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17
Q

What are the transgenic papaya made up of

A
  • two hawaiian cultivars were transformed with the coat protein gene of PRSV
  • research 1980s
  • GM cultivars are now used commercially
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18
Q

What were the two cultivars that PRSV resistant papaya was transformed with

A

SunUp
Rainbow
- Denis Gonsalves
-University of Hawaii

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19
Q

How is PRSV transmitted

A

aphids, mechanical transmission

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20
Q

What did the mayans use rubber for

A

ball games and religious artifacts

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21
Q

Which country began to import rubber and when

A

Portugal

1700s

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22
Q

What is Microcyclus -S.A.L.B

A

fungus

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23
Q

Where do best quality latex come from

A

hevea spp

H. brasiliensis

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24
Q

What hindered the rubber production in South America

A

Ascomycete fungus

Microcyclus (Dothidella ulei)

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25
Q

What is the scientific name for Microcyclus ulei (S.A.L.B)

A

Dothidella ulei

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26
Q

What does S.A.L.B stand for

A

South American Leaf Blight

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27
Q

How does S.A.L.B infect the plants

A
  • from initial infection a few days produces enough conidia to infect:
  • all the young developing leaves on a tree
28
Q

How is S.A.L.B prevented

A

by planting trees between crops

- in S.America 500M trees survived free from epidemics

29
Q

Who is Charles Goodyear

A

the man that added sulphur in the process of making rubber (25 years of work)
- increased the demand for rubber goods

30
Q

What arrived in the US in 1820

A

rubber boots (1820)

31
Q

What was rubber used for in the US in 1830s

A

life preservers, coats, shoes

32
Q

What was the downfall of rubber in the 1830s

A

it rotted in the summer heat and became brittle when cold

33
Q

Who was H.M Stanley

A

1876-1877

  • explored the Congo Basin
  • created great interest in Africa
34
Q

How much rubber in the 1860 did US import

A

300 tons p.a

- (bicycle, cars, rubber tires)

35
Q

Where is rubber obtained from in Africa

A

Landolphia vines

36
Q

How is rubber collected from Landolphia vines

A
  • pulled down from trees

- notches cut to start latex flow

37
Q

How is reddish power (Latex) collected in Congo

A

Underground rhizomes

  • remove bark
  • pound
  • release reddish powder
38
Q

What did King Leopold 2 of Belgium asked Stanley to do

A

to set up trading posts with concessions from local chiefs

39
Q

How did Leopold become the richest man in Europe

A

from rubber

40
Q

true or false; Plantations are not possible in the Amazon because of S.A.L.B

A

true

41
Q

How was rubber collected in the Amazon

A
  • collecting from single isolated trees (2kgs/tree p.a)
42
Q

How did the traders trick the S.A indians to slavery

A
  • traders offered cheap trade goods to gather rubber
  • traders provided food
  • Indians got further and further into debt and found themselves indentured for life, and living in misery
43
Q

What do you call the traders that became rich from rubber

A

Rubber Barons

44
Q

true or false; the S.A Indians that ran away were killed if they tried to escape

A

true

45
Q

true or false; gangs of thugs were sent to tribal villages (S. America) to round up people who were forced into slavery and killed if they tried to escape

A

true

46
Q

true or false; in Congo, Leopold hired his own private army, and tricked local chiefs into singing treaties handing over their powers

A

true

47
Q

how many days does every able bodied man have to work in Congo to collect rubber under the supervision of the army

A

7 days

sunrise to dark

48
Q

How did the workers in Congo die

A
  • exhaustion
  • starvation
  • millions died from sleeping sickness, smallpox, etc
49
Q

Who investigated the Congo incident in the 1900s (1903)

A

Sir Roger Casement

50
Q

true or false; from 1890-1908 the population of Congo dropped from 25M to 10M

A

true

51
Q

How much did 1 human life equal to (rubber)

A

4kg of rubber

52
Q

Who is Sir Henry Wickham

A
  • a British Planter

- smuggled H.brasiliensis out of Brazil to Kew Gardens in London

53
Q

Where were the germinated seedlings sent to (germinated in Kew Gardens in London)

A

Ceylon and Malay Peninsular(1881) and java

- where there was no S.A.L.B

54
Q

What was the significance of what Sir Henry Wickhams act

A

ended the wild rubber collection and associated slavery and death in the Amazon and Congo

55
Q

What company did Ford try to set up in South America in 1927

A

Fordlandia

  • (1834) planted > 8000 acres of rubber trees, but before the last tree was planted the first were already dying from SALB
  • project failed
56
Q

true or false; allies were dependent of rubber supplies from S.E Asia

A

true

57
Q

true or false by 1942 Japanese controlled most of the rubber growing areas that usually supplied Europe and USA

A

true

58
Q

How many people died supplying 20 000 tons of rubber; that the US recruited in Brazil to collect wild rubber

A

from the 18000 recruited, 17000 died

59
Q

What are the disease caused by viruses in plants (in todays lecture)

A

Tulip breaking virus
GVLRaV-3 (grape industry) aka leafroll disease
papaya ring spot virus PRSV

60
Q

What is the fungus discussed in todays lecture

A

S.A.L.B (South American lead blight)
aka:
Microcyclus ueli (Dothidella ulei)

61
Q

true or false; Charles Goodyear added sulphur to rubber products, producing the first bicycle and car tyres with increased durability in both heat and cold

A

true

62
Q

Where was PRSV first discovered and when

A

Oahu Island

1940s

63
Q

true or false; Papaya is the second largest food crop in Hawaii; exported to USA and Japan

A

true

64
Q

What transfers PRSV

A

aphids

65
Q

What is virus spread reliant on

A
  • pre-infected propagating material (seed, tubers, cuttings, etc.)
  • vector transmission (insects, nematodes, fungi, humans)
66
Q

What are the common symptoms of virus infection in plants

A

yellowing
mosaics
mottles
growth distortion

67
Q

true or false; viruses reduce plant vigor and crop yield but most do not kill their plant hosts

A

true

102 Microorganisms as plant pathogens (4 decks)

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