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Pests, Parasites and beneficials > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many orders of insects?

A

-29
-Class Insecta

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2
Q

In the dated phylogenetic tree, how many amino acids were analysised?

A

413,459

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3
Q

In the dated phylogenetic tree, how many metapartitions are there?

A

479

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4
Q

Lepidoptera

A

-Butterflies and moths
-Over 112,000 species worldwide

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5
Q

What does ‘Lepido’ mean?

A

Scales

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6
Q

What does ‘ptera’ mean?

A

Wings

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7
Q

Holometabolous life cycle meaning?

A

-Complete metamorphosis from young to adult
-Eg caterpillar to butterfly

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8
Q

Make up of adult butterflies?

A

-Large wings
-Minute overlapping scales
-Colour
-Most a tubular proboscis- siphon

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9
Q

Lepidoptera

A

-Adults with two pairs of wings covered in scale like hairs

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10
Q

Are butterflies day or night active?

A

-Day active
-Often brightly coloured and have clubbed antennae

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11
Q

Are moths mainly day or night active?

A

-Night active
-Usually cryptically coloured and have various but never clubbed antennae

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12
Q

What are lepidopteran wing scales?

A

-Have physical but not pigment colours
-Microscopic striations selectively absorb/reflect different wavelengths of light

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13
Q

What do day active butterflies have for sucking nectar?

A

-A proboscis

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14
Q

Why are moths and butterflies important pollinators?

A

-Spur over 30cm long

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15
Q

Distinction between moths and butterflies?

A
  • Distinction very subtle taxonomically
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16
Q

Characteristics of butterflies

A

-Diurnal
-Colourful
-Antennae with knobs or hooks at end
-Wings partially open at rest

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17
Q

Characteristics of moths

A

-Nocturnal
-Drab
-Thread
-Spindle or comb like antenna
-Wings different at rest

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18
Q

Exceptions to the characteristics of butterflies and moths?

A

-Meadown brown butterfly= dark in colour
-Garden Tiger Moth= bright in colour

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19
Q

What are larvae?

A

-Nearly all caterpillars

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20
Q

Characteristics of larvae

A
  • Well developed head and chewing parts
  • 3 pairs of legs on thorax
  • 2-8 abdominal prolegs (prolegs are structurally different)
  • Most herbivorous
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21
Q

Are larvae of lepidoptera harmful to agriculture?

A

-Yes
-More destructive to agricultural crops and forest trees than any other group of insects

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22
Q

Classification of larvae of lepidoptera

A

-Always polypodous (with additional abdominal prolegs)
-A eucephalous (well-developed) head capsule

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23
Q

What are prolegs with terminal crotchets called?

A

-Chitinised hooks

24
Q

What part of the caterpillar is always without prolegs?

A

-At least the first two abdominal segments

25
Q

Slide 19

A

Learn diagram

26
Q

Why is it important to be able to identify these larvae and lepidoptera?

A

-Identify beneficial species from pests to inform management decisions
-This can differ between the life stages (eg cabbage white butterfly)

27
Q

How many species fo butterflies are in Ireland?

A

-35 species
-32 residents, 3 migrants

  • Red admiral (broad red band)
    -Large white pointed lady (absence of broad red band)
    -Orange spots under wing (Common blue)
28
Q

How many moth species in Ireland?

A

-1480

-570+ macromoths

29
Q

What is the only protected insect in Ireland?

A

-Marsh Fritillary Euphydryas Aurinia

-Devil’s-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis) purple flower

-Bogs, coastal habitats, grassland (wet and calcareous), mainly west of Ireland

30
Q

Butterflies as Indicators?

A

-Colourful, charismatic, sensitive to changes

-Both for their rapid and sensitive responses to subtle habitat or climatic changes and as representatives for the diversity and responses of other wildlife

31
Q

Irish Butterfly Monitoring Scheme

A
  • 18% butterflies under threat
  • In 2007, there was 120 sites in Ireland
32
Q

Butterfly monitoring in the UK

A

-Data from 4000 locations (2500 surveyed in 2015)

-Climate has mixed effects, some can expand their ranges, also leads to increase in migrant species.

-Progressing through more generations (i.e. longer flight periods), which may be a mismatch with their host plants and predators – concern for trophic interactions and ecological functioning.

33
Q

More information on butterflies

A

Data from a national butterfly monitoring scheme were analysed to test for relationships between temperature and three phenological measures, duration of flight period and timing of both first and peak appearance. First appearances of most British butterflies has advanced in the last two decades and is strongly related to earlier peak appearance and, for multibrooded species, longer flight period

34
Q

Are butterflies a good organism for studying the effects of environmental change?

A

-Yes
-For example, for multibrooded species, they have longer flight period

35
Q

Butterfly migration

A

-4-5 generations, move north, then back south again…but are not same individuals…how do they know?

36
Q

Silkworms

A

-Bombyx mori

-It is the larva or caterpillar of the Bombyx mori moth

-Silde for at least 5000 years in China

-The moth is important because it makes the silk, and no longer lives in the wild

-It is entirely dependent on humans

-Silkworms eat mulberry leaves, and were native to northern China.

37
Q

Lepidoptera as pests

A

-Differ in how they ‘attack’ and cause damage

-Differ in how they can be controlled

38
Q

Family: Noctuidae

A

-Yellow underwing moth (Noctua pronuba)

-Heart and dart moth (Agrotis exclamationis)

-Turnip moth (Agrotis segetum)

39
Q

What is one of the largest families in Lepidoptera?

A
  • Noctuidae
40
Q

Cutworms

A

-Attack stem, causes it to fall down

Adult turnip moths lay eggs on plants or on pieces
of litter and debris in the soil.
Eggs hatch in around 8–24 days, depending on
temperature and the young larvae seek out and feed
on the aerial parts of plants.
In a further 10–20 days, again depending on
temperature, the larvae go through their second
moult, becoming ‘third instar’ caterpillars. It is at
this point that they adopt the cutworm habit,
becoming subterranean and feeding on roots.
A second generation of turnip moths may emerge in late summer but the
caterpillars of this generation do not appear to be damaging.
The pest overwinters as the larvae of the second generation, with pupae forming
in April-May.

41
Q

Adult turnip moths

A

-Lay eggs on plants or on pieces of litter and debris in the soil.

-Eggs hatch in around 8–24 days, depending on temperature and the young larvae seek out and feed on the aerial parts of plants.

-In a further 10–20 days, again depending on
temperature, the larvae go through their second
moult, becoming ‘third instar’ caterpillars. It is at
this point that they adopt the cutworm habit,
becoming subterranean and feeding on roots.

-A second generation of turnip moths may emerge in late summer but the
caterpillars of this generation do not appear to be damaging.

-The pest overwinters as the larvae of the second generation, with pupae forming in April-May.

42
Q

Soil-living noctuid ‘cutworm’ caterpillars

A
  • Yellow underwing caterpillar
    -Turnip moth caterpillar
43
Q

What is one of the largest pests of maize in South Africa?

A

-Cutworm
-Cause damage to crop seedlings such as brassica and maize seedlings

44
Q

Can cutworms cause damage to mature crops?

A

-Yes
-Eg sugar beet, potato, carrot and ornamental

45
Q

What is the cabbage moth called

A

-Noctuidae
-(Mamestra brassicae)

46
Q

Cabbage white butterflies

A

-Large Cabbage White (Pieris brassicae)
-Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae)

-Look similar but different in their severity as pests

47
Q

Large Cabbage White Butterfly

A

-Pieris brassicae
-Dense egg cluster
-Resulting in a caterpillar colony
-Brightly coloured hairy caterpillars feed en masse
-Cause major crop defoliation
-Pupate above ground (cocoon)

48
Q

Small Cabbage White

A

-Pieris rapae
-Eggs laid in small numbers per plant
-Individual ‘cryptic’ caterpillars
-Pupate above ground (cocoon)

49
Q

The Diamond-back moth

A

-Plutella xylostella

-Family: Yponomeutidae

-Weather that favours migration from continental
Europe increases the risk of infestation, as the
diamond-back moth does not overwinter in the UK in
large numbers at present

-The moths are relatively
poor flyers but may be transported long distances by the wind.

-Cocoon/ pupates in a silken ‘hammock’ attached to food plants

-Mining and herbivory

-Netting, resistance to pyrethroids

-Attack all plants in Brassicaceae

50
Q

Codling Moth

A

-Cydia Pomonella

-Family: Tortricidae- Tortrix Moths

-Hatching larvae bore into developing fruit

-Larvae can’t feed on leaves, therefore highly dependent on fruits, causing much damage

-Tortrix moth caterpillars - wrap leaves with silk

-Feed inside apples

51
Q

Codling Moth Pheromone Trap

A

-Scent of female pheromone

-Pheromone traps but may not trap until after eggs are laid

-Pheromone lures males, and disrupts mating behaviour

-Rarely enough to control pest but can be – better for monitoring numbers

-Also biological and insecticidal control options

52
Q

Winter Moth

A

-Operophtera brumata

-Family: Geometridae

-Adults active over winter

-Shrubs and leaves

-Female winter moths emerge from pupae in the soil & climb up fruit trees to mate & lay eggs newly emerging apple shoots

-The resulting looper caterpillars bind leaves together with silk and feed within folded shoots

53
Q

Sticky tree-banding

A
  • An effective control to prevent female winter moths
54
Q

Apple leaf miner

A

-Lyonetica clerkella

-Family: Lyonetidae (leaf-mining moths)

-Lay eggs on the foliage, after hatching will enter the foliage and feed internally

55
Q

Horse-chestnut leaf miner

A

-Cameraria ohridella

-July 2013 first sighting Ireland

-Mostly aesthetic- early leaf drop, some local authorities replace horse chestnuts with others

-Can remove foliage

-Frost tolerant – populations can increase year on year

56
Q

Oak Processionary Moth

A

-Thaumetopoea processionea

-With climate change expanding north, found in London in 2006 but not in Ireland yet

-When not feeding they congregate together in communal nests of web spun up under a branch or
on the trunk. The larvae typically follow one
another head to-tail in long ‘processions’ hence the name

-Human allergic reactions to hairs that contain an irritant toxin, even if we don’t touch them, hairs are so small they can be present in the air.

57
Q

Cinnabar Moth

A

-Tyria jacobaeae

-Family: Arctiidae

-Natural bio-control agent for poisonous ragwort weed

-Ragwort has a toxin that’s dangerous to horses, cinnabar moth feeds on it and benefits, consuming so much toxin that they are toxic to predators

-Compete with themselves and can become cannabils.

Pests, Parasites and beneficials (12 decks)

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