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Pests, Parasites and beneficials > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Invertebrate

A

-No back bone
-1.4 million (80%)

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2
Q

Vertebrates

A

-Backbone
-62,000 (3%)

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3
Q

Plants

A

-310,000 (17%)

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4
Q

Irelands Invertebrates

A

-Almost 20,000 invertebrates
-11,500 insects
-8000 other invertebrates

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5
Q

Arthropods

A

-Myriapods
-Trilobites
-Chelicerates
-Crustaceans
-Insects
(All have common ancestor)

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6
Q

What percentage of insects in the world are ants

A

1%

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7
Q

Biomass Number

A

-Biomass exceeds that of all humans that have ever existed (approx 90 billion)
- More insects in one square mile of empty field than there are people in the world
- New beetles are discovered at a rate of one an hour

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8
Q

Irelands largest Insect population

A

Wasps, bees, ants (3,194

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9
Q

What is an insect?

A

-3 body segments (head, thorax, abdomen)
-Generally 1-2 pairs of wings
-Expskeleton

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10
Q

Insects as predators and parasites

A

-Keep ecosystems in balance
-Predators, parasites, parasitoids, pathogenic agents
-Feed on other insect groups
-Natural population regulation
-Insects, mites, spiders

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11
Q

Corn Borer

A
  • One of the largest pests of corn in USA
    -Larvae of moth
    -Lay their eggs on corn
    -Borer eggs, where the wasp larvae develop, killing the corn borers in the eggs
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12
Q

Trichogramma

A

-Parasitic wasps of the genus Trichogramma
-Have been avalibale on the North American market since the 90’s
-Introducing Trichogramma ostriniae significantly reduced the corn borer population and the damage to the ears of corn
-Further, biological control with trichogramma was considerably more cost-effective than the application of chemical insecticides.
-The main effect was that the corn borer’s natural enemies were maintained, thus reducing secondary pest populations.

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13
Q

Insects as decomposers

A

-Plant matter, dead animals, dung
-Insects very good at decomposing solid waste
-Enhances forage palatability
-Recycle nitrogen
-Reduce pest habitat

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14
Q

How much solid waste does a cow produce every year?

A

900kg

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15
Q

Dung Beetles

A

-Approx 35 species in Ireland
-Rollers, tunnellers, dwellers
-Family Scarabidae- over 5000 species

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16
Q

Dung Beetles in Australia

A
  • Cattle brought to continent in 1788
    -No native insect to process dung
    -Slowly decomposing dung, issues with pests
17
Q

When were dung beetles introduced in Australia?

A
  • 1965-1985
18
Q

How many species of Dung Beetles in Australia

A

-43 species released
-23 now established

19
Q

What did Dung Beetles in Australia reduce?

A

-80% reduction in pestiferous bush fly
-Bush fly transmits disease to cattle

20
Q

How much can a dung beetle drag?

A
  • One dung beetle can drag 1,141 times its weight
21
Q

Avermectin

A

-Treats internal parasites of cattle
-Ends up in dung
-Toxic to dung beetles
-Cow pat on rangeland in US untreated: 23 months
-Cow pat on rangeland in US treated with pesticide: 28 months

22
Q

Total losses averted by Dung Beetle

A

$380 million

23
Q

Insects as pollinators

A

-Plants= sessile
-Visit flowers to feed on nectar and pollen
-At same time, they help the plant to reproduce

24
Q

What percentage of leading food crops rely on animal pollination?

A

75%

25
Q

What percentage of the worlds flowering plants rely on animal pollination?

A

90%

26
Q

How much is pollination by insects responsible for?

A
  • 1 in 3 bites of food
    -39 of 57 leading crops
27
Q

Is insect pollination needed by grains

A
  • No
    -Use wind pollination
28
Q

What can insect pollination do?

A

-May improve the quality or quantity of fruit.
-It can increase genetic diversity -Necessary for many crops not to produce the edible part but to produce seed for replanting afterwards (e.g. cabbage, lettuce etc)

29
Q

What does insect pollination improve?

A

-Quality and quantity
-Seed production viability
-Genetic diversity

30
Q

Who are pollinators?

A

-Honeybees (50%)
-Wild insects (50%)

31
Q

What percentage of pollinators are honeybees?

A

-50%

32
Q

Pollination in Ireland

A

-Oilseed rape (€4 million pa)
-Apples
-Field beans
-Peas
-Berries
-Clover
=Total value €53 million pa

33
Q

Insects as food

A

Insects = based of food chain

Food for other insects, birds, mammals

Food for humans

34
Q

Value of insects as food

A

-Commercial fishing in the US: $225 million

-Birdwatching: $19.8 billion, which is 61% of the $32.4 billion spent on bird observation annually in the United States

35
Q

Entomophagy

A

-Eating insects
-Food source for humans in 80% of countries worldwide

36
Q
A

Pests, Parasites and beneficials (12 decks)

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