lecture 3

Question 1

what two reasonings are there?

Answer 1

deductive and inductive

Question 2

what is deductive reasoning?

Answer 2

logic proof, deduction is the logical derivation of the conclusion of premises

Question 3

what is the definition of logical validity?

Answer 3

an argument is logically valid if it is impossible that the premises is true and the conclusion is false –> if the premises is true, the conclusion must be true

Question 4

what is inductive reasoning?

Answer 4

logic guesswork, generate a hypothesis on the basis of an observation, individual to universal

Question 5

what is the difference between induction and deduction?

Answer 5

deductive arguments go from statements about all to statements about some and inductive statements go from some to statements about all

Question 6

what are 3 characteristics about the naive view?

Answer 6

1. facts are given in observations
2. laws and theories are established through induction
3. predictions and explanations are established from laws and theories through deduction

Question 7

induction - can laws be derived form facts?

Answer 7

1. underdetermination of theory by facts
2. humes induction problems
3. goodmans new riddle of induction

Question 8

what is the meaning of underdetermination?

Answer 8

the idea that evidence available to us at a given time may be insufficient to determine what believes we should hold in response to it.
in some cases, the data isnt enough to help us decide between two different theories

Question 9

when the data underdetermines a choice between two theories, that is because:

Answer 9

the two theories are empirically equivalent, this means that both theories fit the data equally well

Question 10

what is the meaning of empirically equivalent?

Answer 10

both fit the data equally well

Question 11

what are 3 solutions for underdetermination?

Answer 11

1. new predictions - explore where theories arent empirically equivalent
2. do observations for those predictions that arent in common to the theories
3. pragmatic criteria - a theory migh be better than another for reasons outside their empirical adequacy.

Question 12

how can we know that induction is justified?

Answer 12

we can try to prove inductively that induction is justified

Question 13

how can we know that induction is justified?

Answer 13

we can try to prove inductively that induction is justified

Question 14

why cant we deductively proof that induction is justified?

Answer 14

we already established that inductive arguments are not deductively/logically valid, so logic cant prove that induction is justified

Question 15

what generalisations are good inductions?

Answer 15

lawlike generalisations

Question 16

what is the definition of lawlike?

Answer 16

being like the law, as in methodes or principes

Question 17

what are laws of nature?

Answer 17

they are fundamental principles of physics, they identify deep features of the universe

Question 18

what are 3 characteristic of laws?

Answer 18

1. mathematical equations
2. concise and simple, often elegant
3. univeral in scope

Question 19

what is the meaning of presupposition?

Answer 19

something that you assume to be true, esspecially something which you must assume is true in order to continue with what you say or thinking

Question 20

what are two formal models?

Answer 20

1. universal generalizations
2. conditional statements

Question 21

what is an example of universal generalizations?

Answer 21

all As are Bs

Question 22

what is an example of conditional statements?

Answer 22

if C, then D