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CNS Behavior > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main areas of difference?

A

1) Personality

2) Intelligence

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2
Q

Although personality is difficult to define, what is the broad definition?

A

Those relatively stable and enduring aspects of the individual which distinguish them from other people and form the basis of our predictions concerning his future behaviors.

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3
Q

What is the short definition of personality?

A

Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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4
Q

What are the four major perspectives on personality?

A

1) Psychoanalytic: Unconscious motivations
2) Trait: Specific dimensions of personality
3) Humanistic: Inner capacity for growth
4) Social-Cognitive: Influence of the environment

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5
Q

What is the first comprehensive theory of personality?

A

Freud’s psychodynamic perspective of personality

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6
Q

In which year did Freud graduate and which university?

A

University of Vienna 1873

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7
Q

What did Freud specialize in?

A

Nervous disorders (Some patients’ disorders had no physical cause)

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8
Q

What caused neurological

symptoms in patients with no neurological problems?

A

The Unconscious

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9
Q

How can we access the unconscious via psychoanalysis?

A

1) Hypnosis

2) Free association

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10
Q

What is repression?

A

Banishing unacceptable thoughts & passions to the unconscious
(Dreams & Slips)

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11
Q

What is Freud’s definition of personality?

A

Personality arises from conflict between aggressive, pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints

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12
Q

What is the Id?

A

Energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives (Pleasure Principle)

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13
Q

What is the Ego?

A

Seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways

Reality Principle

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14
Q

What is the Super Ego?

A

Voice of conscience that focuses on how we ought to behave

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15
Q

What did Freud believe about the formation of the personality?

A

Personality forms during the first few years of life, rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood

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16
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

1) Oral (0-18 months): Focused on mouth
2) Anal (18-36 months): Focused on bowel/bladder elimination
3) Phallic (3-6 years): Focused on genitals = identity and gender identity (Oedipus complex)
4) Latency (6-Puberty): Sexuality is dormant
5) Genital (Puberty- onwards): Sexual feelings towards others

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17
Q

What can strong conflict do?

A

Fixate an individual at psychosexual stages 1, 2, or 3

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18
Q

When the inner war gets out of hand, the result is:

A

Anxiety

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19
Q

How does the ego protect itself?

A

Via defense mechanisms

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20
Q

What do defense mechanisms do?

A

Reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality

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21
Q

What underlies all other defense mechanisms?

A

Repression

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22
Q

What is Regression?

A

Retreating to earlier stage of
fixated
development

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23
Q

What is Reaction Formation?

A

Ego makes
unacceptable impulses appear as their
opposites

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24
Q

What is Projection?

A

Attributes threatening impulses to others

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25
Q

What is Rationalization?

A

Generating self-justifying explanations to hide the real reasons for our actions

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26
Q

What is Displacement?

A

Divert impulses toward a more

acceptable object

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27
Q

What is Sublimation?

A

Transform unacceptable impulses into something socially valued

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28
Q

What are the 7 defense mechanisms?

A

1) Repression
2) Regression
3) Reaction Formation
4) Projection
5) Rationalization
6) Displacement
7) Sublimation

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29
Q

How can we assess personality?

i.e., the unconscious

A

By projective tests such as:

1) Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT)
2) Rorschach Inkblot Test

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30
Q

Do objective tests target the conscious or the unconscious?

A

The conscious

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31
Q

Do projective tests target the conscious or the unconscious?

A

The unconscious

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32
Q

Which 3 points in current research contradict Freud’s ideas?

A

1) Development does not stop in childhood
2) Slips of the tongue are likely competing
“nodes” in memory network
3) Dreams may not be
unconscious drives and wishes

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33
Q

What must theories do?

A

Explain observations

and offer testable hypotheses

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34
Q

Freud’s ideas are based on:

A

His recollections &
interpretations of patients’ free associations,
dreams, and slips of the tongue. (Objective observations and hypotheses)

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35
Q

True or false:
Freud’s Ideas as
Scientific Theory predict behavior and traits.

A

False; Does NOT PREDICT Behavior or Traits

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36
Q

What are traits?

A

People’s characteristic

behaviors & conscious motives

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37
Q

What is the trait perspective?

A

No hidden personality dynamics, just basic personality dimensions

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38
Q

How do we describe and classify different personalities?

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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39
Q

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator do?

A

Classify people

based upon responses to 126 questions

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40
Q

What trait “dimensions” describe personality?

A

1) Combination of 2-3 genetically determined dimensions
(Extraversion/Introversion
Emotional Stability/Instability)
2) Expanded set of factors “The Big 5”

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41
Q

What are the big five personality traits?

A

1) Extraversion
2) Openness
3) Emotional Stability (Neuroticism)
4) Agreeableness
5) Conscientiousness

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42
Q

Sociable vs. Retiring and

Fun Loving vs. Sober is part of which personality trait?

A

Extraversion

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43
Q

Imaginative vs. Practical and Independent vs. Conforming is part of which personality trait?

A

Openness

44
Q

Soft-Hearted vs. Ruthless and Trusting vs. Suspicious is part of which personality trait?

A

Agreeableness

45
Q

Organized vs. Disorganized and Careful vs. Careless is part of which personality trait?

A

Conscientiousness

46
Q

The big 5 personality traits correlate the most between:

A

Monozygotic twins

47
Q

What is the aim of of assessing traits?

A

To simplify a person’s behavior patterns

48
Q

How can we assess traits?

A

By using personality inventories such as: the MMPI

49
Q

What is the most widely used personality inventory?

A

The MMPI

50
Q

What does the MMPI assess?

A

Psychological disorders (not normal traits)

51
Q

The MMPI is:

A

Empirically derived: Test items are selected based on how well they discriminate between groups of traits

52
Q

What are the 2 humanistic perspectives?

A

1) Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person

2) Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective

53
Q

Vasoconstrictors are less effective in:

A

Prolonging anesthetic action of the more lipid soluble long acting drugs (bupivacaine, ropivacaine) possibly
because they are highly tissue-bound.

54
Q

Which drugs are highly tissue-bound?

A

1) Bupivacaine

2) Ropivacaine

55
Q

What effect does cocaine have on the autonomic nervous system?

A

It’s a sympathomimetic and blocks catecholamine reuptake

56
Q

Why has the distribution of the ester type local anesthetics not been characterized?

A

Because of the extremely short half-lives.

57
Q

The amide agents are widely distributed after:

A

IV bolus administration

58
Q

If amide agents are administered via IV bolus administration, what can happen?

A

They can be

sequestered in fat.

59
Q

Ester-type agents are hydrolyzed where? By what?

A

In the plasma; butyrylcholinesterase (psuedocholinesterase)

60
Q

What are ester-type agents hydrolyzed to?

A

Inactive metabolites.

61
Q

Where are the amide agents metabolized? By what?

A

In the liver; microsomal cytochrome P450 isozymes.

62
Q

Which drugs may cause toxicity in patients with hepatic disease?

A

Amide-based local anesthetics

63
Q

What is the normal half-life of Lidocaine in normal patients? How about in patients wit hepatic toxicity?

A

1.6 hours; 6 hours

64
Q

What could decrease the elimination of the amide agents?

A

1) Reduction in hepatic blood flow

2) Drug interactions

65
Q

What is the therapeutic use for local anesthetics?

A

To produce highly effective analgesia in well defined regions of the body.

66
Q

What are the usual routes of administration for local anesthetics?

A

1) Topical application: nasal, mucosa, wound margins.
2) Infiltration: injection in the vicinity of peripheral nerve endings
3) Nerve block: injection in the vicinity of major nerve trunks.
4) Injection into the epidural or subarachnoid spaces surrounding the spinal cord.
5) Intravenous regional anesthesia for short surgical procedures involving the upper and lower limbs.

67
Q

Repeated injection of the local anesthetic can result in:

A

Tachyphylaxis (loss of effectiveness)

due to extracellular acidosis.

68
Q

Local anesthetics are commonly marketed as:

A

Hydrochloride salts (pH ~ 4-6)

69
Q

What are some other uses for local anesthetics?

A

1) Neuropathic pain syndromes.
2) Cardiac arrhythmias.
a) Intravenous (lidocaine)
b) Oral (mexiletine and tocainide)

70
Q

What are the adverse effects of local anesthetics?

A

1) Systemic effects following absorption of the agent from the site of administration
2) Direct neurotoxicity from the local effects
when administered in close proximity to the
spinal cord and major nerve trunks.

71
Q

What are the effects of local anesthetics on the CNS when administered in low concentrations?

A

1) Sleepiness
2) Dizziness,
3) Visual and auditory disturbances
4) Restlessness.

72
Q

What is an early symptom of local anesthetic toxicity on the CNS?

A

Circumoral and tongue numbness and a metallic taste.

73
Q

What are the adverse effects of local anesthetics on the CNS when administered in high concentrations?

A

1) Nystagmus
2) Muscular twitching
3) Overt tonic-clonic convulsions
4) Depression of cortical inhibitory pathways
5) Generalized CNS depression

74
Q

What medication can provide prophylaxis against seizures?

A

Parenteral benzodiazepine

75
Q

What adverse effects does cocaine produce?

A

1) All the adverse effects of local anesthetics
2) Severe cardiovascular toxicity
a) Hypertension
b) Arrhythmias
c) Myocardial failure.

76
Q

What are the symptoms of direct local neural toxicity caused by local anesthetics?

A

Transient neuropathic symptoms.

77
Q

Which drugs are more likely to cause direct local neural toxicity?

A

1) Lidocaine

2) Chloroprocaine

78
Q

What does cardiovascular toxicity result from?

A

1) Effects on the cardiac and smooth muscle membranes

2) Indirect effects on the ANS.

79
Q

How does the antiarrhythmic property of local anesthetics work?

A

By blocking cardiac sodium channels

80
Q

What can local anesthetics so at extremely high concentrations?

A

Block calcium channels

81
Q

Which cardiovascular adverse effect produces arteriolar dilation? What does arteriolar dilation cause?

A

Cardiac contraction depression; systemic hypotension

82
Q

Which local anesthetic does not cause arteriolar dilation?

A

Cocaine

83
Q

Large doses of bupivacaine and ropivacaine

can lead to:

A

Cardiovascular collapse

84
Q

What adverse effects can cocaine cause?

A

1) Vasoconstriction and
hypertension
2) Cardiac arrhythmias
3) Local ischemia and ulceration of mucosal membranes in chronic abusers who use the nasal route.

85
Q

What does administration of large

doses of prilocaine during regional anesthesia lead to?

A

Accumulation of the metabolite o-toluidine

86
Q

What is o-toluidine?

A

An oxidizing agent capable of converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin

87
Q

Ester-type agents are metabolized to:

A

p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives

88
Q

p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives produce:

A

Allergic reactions

89
Q

Which local anesthetics are extremely unlikely to

produce allergic reactions?

A

Amide-type local anesthetics

90
Q

What is Self-Actualization?

A

The process of fulfilling our potential

91
Q

Maslow studied what kind of people?

A

Healthy, creative people like Abe. Lincoln, Tom Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt

92
Q

The people that Maslow studied were self-actualized, which means they were:

A

1) Self-Aware & Self-Accepting
2) Open & Spontaneous
3) Loving & Caring
4) Problem-Centered not Self-Centered

93
Q

What are the tiers of Maslow’s pyramid? (Starting from the base)

A

1) Physiological
2) Safety
3) Love needs
4) Esteem
5) Self-actualization

94
Q

What is Roger’s Person-Centered

Perspective?

A

People are basically good with actualizing tendencies; Given the right environmental
conditions, we will develop to our full potentials

95
Q

What are the central features of personality?

A

1) Genuineness
2) Acceptance
3) Empathy
4) Self Concept(+ve/-ve)

96
Q

How can we assess and evaluate the self?

A 
1) Primarily through questionnaires in which
people report their self-concept.
2) By understanding others’ subjective
personal experiences during therapy
3)
97
Q

What are the limitations of assessing and evaluating the self?

A

1) Concepts are vague & subjective

2) Assumptions are naïvely optimistic

98
Q

What is the Social-Cognitive

Perspective?

A

Behavior is learned through conditioning & observation = What we think about our situation affects our behavior

99
Q

Interaction of

Environment & Intellect goes with which perspective?

A

The Social-Cognitive

Perspective

100
Q

What is Reciprocal Determinism?

A 
A reciprocal relationship exists among:
1) Personal/Cognitive
Factors
2) Environmental factors
3) Behavior
= Internal World + External World = Us
101
Q

What are the 2 personal controls?

A

1) Internal Locus of Control

2) External Locus of Control

102
Q

What is the Internal Locus of Control?

A

You pretty much control your own destiny

103
Q

What is the External Locus of Control?

A

Luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny

104
Q

How can you study personal control?

A

1) Correlate feelings of control with behavior
2) Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense of
control and noting effects

105
Q

What are the steps to learned helplessness?

A 
1) Uncontrollable
bad events
2) Perceived
lack of control
3) Generalized
helpless behavior
106
Q

In which places is learned helplessness an important issue?

A

1) Nursing Homes
2) Prisons
3) Colleges

CNS Behavior (4 decks)

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