Lecture 3

Question 1

Relapse vs lapse

Answer 1

Relapse:
Considered as going back to daily use or back to habitual addictive behavior

Lapse:
One time use of substance

Question 2

Percentage of abstinence

Alcohol, smoking, and opioids

Answer 2

Alcohol:
70% of alcohol dependent people relapse within 3-6 month after treatment

Smoking:
Up to 90% fail to quit smoking within a year

Opioids:
12 months after treatment, 65-70% relapse

Question 3

Problems with treatment for addiction

Answer 3

Psychotherapy:
Might not match low eduction or social economic status
e.g., homelessness

Medication:
Have sever side effects

— treatment matching would be solution but no evidence for efficiency and expensive

Question 4

Volkow’s (2004) I-RISA model of addiction

Answer 4

Difference in normal and addicted brain:

1. Salience
2. Control
3. Drive

Question 5

Franken (2003):

Attentional bias model

Answer 5

Describes how attentional bias influences cognition of a person, which alters perception of drug-related stimuli and indirect leads to drug use and relapse

Question 6

Franken (2000):

Stroop Task

Answer 6

Presenting words in different colors, combined with neutral cues and heroin cues in the words.

Participants had to make quick decisions for color without paying attention to the meaning of the word (cue)

Results:
Showed attentional bias for drug related stimuli.

• repeated study with EEG, Neuroimaging, and different drugs
• showed all the same results

Question 7

Error processing inhibition in addiction

Answer 7

Oops response:
Adequate processing of errors is needed in order to adapt response appropriately to situational demans
- insufficient in addicted people

Go-NoGo Task:

• Inhibition of the preferred response
• Cannabis patients: less inhibition and less brain activity in the Frontal lobe areas

Franken (2007):
ERN is much lower in cocaine patients than in control patients

Question 8

Low ERN in Addiction - cause or consequence

Answer 8

Franken:
EEG experiment to measure ERN with non-addictive children of addictive parents

Results:
Already in this age the experiment group had smaller ERN than the control group

— leading to conclusion that it is a cause

Question 9

Can Neurocognitive measures predict relapse?

Answer 9

Yes:

Attentional bias predicts relapse:

• Error related brain activity predicts cocaine use after treatment 3 month follow up
• lower ERN predicts relapse