Lecture 2

Question 1

Desire

Answer 1

Def.:
something we want (= wanting), higher motivation

1. Volitive desire
2. Appetitive desire

Question 2

Appetitive desire

Answer 2

Def.:
A feeling of wanting that propels use to approach and consume objects or otherwise engage in activities that satisfy a need and, in doing so, yield a gain in immediate pleasure (or relief from discomfort).

Characteristics:

• getting pleasure from forbidden fruits: alcohol/ drugs, sex, and unhealthy food
• attracts attention
• can be higher (craving) and lower (anhedonia)

If excessive and psychiatric level:
Addiction such as food, sex, and substances

Question 3

Craving

Answer 3

Def.:

The subject desire to experience the effect of a previously used drug

Question 4

Relapse

Answer 4

Def.:

The full resumption of drug-seeking and drug-administration behaviors after a period of abstinence

Question 5

Relapse rates under detoxification

Answer 5

50-80%

• high for all substances of abuse
• often preceded by craving

Question 6

Causes of craving and relapse

Answer 6

1. A small dose of the drug of abuse (priming effect)
2. Emotional stress (negative reinforcement)
3. Exposure to drug related stimuli (classical conditioning)

Question 7

Operant conditioning

Answer 7

Def.:
Method of learning that employs reward and punishment for behavior. An association is made between behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

Positive reinforcement: If some stimuli are increasing your behavior, it is positive

Negative reinforcement: When stimuli are taking something away from your behavior, it’s ja negative

Question 8

Operant conditioning in addiction

Answer 8

Play a role in substance use:

Drugs (alcohol) are powerful positive reinforcers of behavior, but can also be negative reinforcers (pain killers).

Question 9

Classical conditioning

Answer 9

Def.:
Learned process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimuli is eventually elicited by the first stimuli alone.

Question 10

Classical conditioning in addiction

Answer 10

Repeated pairing of particular events, emotional states, or cues with substance use can produce craving for substance

Eventually, exposure to cue alone produces drug or alcohol cravings or urges that are often followed by substance use

Question 11

Robins (1975):

Role of context

Answer 11

Example:

US soldiers in Vietnam

• heroin use 34%
• dependent on heroin 20%

First year after return to US only 1% because re-addicted

Question 12

Social learning

Answer 12

Def.:
Learning through the observation of others people’s behavior.

• process of social change in which people learn form each other

1. Modeling
2. Self-efficacy - not able to resist
3. Expectancies - good expectation of use

Question 13

Robinson & Berridge Model

Answer 13

Liking and wanting in Addiction:

When you initially use substances the liking and the wanting are the same. Over time the value of liking decreases and the value of wanting increases.

Question 14

Associated personality traits with addiction

Answer 14

• anxiety
• introversion
• low self-esteem
• impulsivity / sensation-seeking
• reward seeking

Later ones are more strongly related to addiction.

Question 15

Impulsivity and addiction

Answer 15

Sher et am. (2000):
A broader impulsive sensation-seeking trait was prospectively the best predictor of substance use disorder

• short-term choice without considering long-term goals - impulsivity

Iowa gambling Task:
- impulsive people are likely to chose the immediate reward instead of the long term reward even though it would be more profitable

Question 16

Reward sensitivity and addiction

Answer 16

Gray Theory:
Personality theory based on two different systems in the brain

1. BAS - reward system, involved in substance use
2. BIS - punishment system, less to not involved in substance use

BAS sensitive people are:

• very sensitive to reward
• strongly motivated by reward
• have higher cravings