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Microbiology > LECTURE 2A: The Microbial World Importance > Flashcards

LECTURE 2A: The Microbial World Importance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • Diverse in form/function
  • inhabit every environment that supports life
  • many single-celled, some form complex structures, some multicellular
  • live in microbial communities
A

Microorganism(microbes)

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2
Q

Many microbes are ___ celled, some form ____ structures, some _____

A

single; complex; multicellular

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3
Q
  • Oldest form of life
  • Major fraction of Earth’s biomass
  • Associated with plants and animals, and other life forms
  • Affect human life( infectious diseases, food and water, soils, animal health, fuel)
A

Microorganism

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4
Q

Give four (4) reasons why microorganisms are the tiny titans of the Earth

A
  1. Diverse in form/function
  2. Inhabit every environment that supports life
  3. Many single-celled, some form complex structures, some multicellular
  4. Live in microbial communities
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4
Q

Give four (4) reasons why microorganisms are major form of life

A
  1. Oldest form of life
  2. Major fraction of Earth’s biomass
  3. Associated with plants and animals, and other life forms
  4. Affect human life( infectious diseases, food and water, soils, animal health, fuel)
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5
Q

Renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals.

A

Biomass

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6
Q

A living compartment that interacts with the environment and other cells

A

Cell

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7
Q

General structure of cells

A

Cytoplasmic (cell/plasma) membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome

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8
Q

barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

A

Cytoplasmic (cell/plasma) membrane

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9
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane is also referred to as?

A

cell membrane
plasma membrane

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10
Q

Matrix of macromolecules , small inorganics, ions, and ribosomes inside cell, with waters as the major component

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

protein-synthesizing structures

A

ribosomes

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12
Q

Cytoplasm is also referred to as?

A

cytosol

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13
Q
  • No membrane-enclosed compartments (organelle)
  • No nucleus
A

Prokaryotes

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14
Q
  • Contain organelle
  • DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound compartment (nucleus)
A

Eukaryotes

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15
Q

Membrane-bound compartment

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

microscopic sub-units that perform specific functions within individual cells.

A

organelles

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17
Q

means “little organs”

A

organelles

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18
Q
  • Sub-cellular
  • specialized function
  • morphologically and chemically consistent structure across life forms
A

organelles

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19
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure

A

cell wall
cytoplasmic membrane
nucleoid
cytoplasm
plasmid
ribosomes

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20
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

cell wall
cytoplasmic membrane
mitochondrion
nuclear membrane
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm
Golgi complex

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21
Q

Functional difference between plasma membrane and cell wall

A

Plasma/cell/cytoplasmic membrane:
- Allows easy movement to specific components as it is semi-permeable
- It is present in both plant and animal cells.
Cell wall
- Does not allow any movement as it is a rigid structure and completely permeable to most molecules.
- It is present in the plant and fungal cells.

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22
Q

Three (3) features of the prokaryotic cell’s DNA

A
  1. Not enclosed with a nuclear membrane
  2. A single circular chromosome
  3. Not associated with histones proteins
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23
Q

May have only one chromosome, but that one chromosome is a very long DNA molecule that must be condensed to fit inside a tiny space

A

Prokaryotic cells

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24
Q

DNA wraps around clusters of histone proteins

A

Eukaryotic cells

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25
Q

Features of Prokaryotic cells in terms of: membrane, cell wall, and type of reproduction

A

Membrane: They lack membrane-enclosed organelles
Cell wall: Usually contain peptidoglycan, a complex polysaccharide, or pseudopeptidoglycan or S-layer
Reproduction: Binary fission (asexual reproduction)

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26
Q

a complex polysaccharide, or pseudopeptidoglycan or S-layer

A

peptidoglycan

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27
Q

a parent cell divides, resulting in two identical cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell

A

binary fission

28
Q

a major cell wall component of some archaea that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles eubacterial peptidoglycan in morphology, function, and physical structure.

A

Pseudopeptidoglycan (also known as pseudomurein)

29
Q

found on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and are highly prevalent in archaea1,2,3. They are defined as two-dimensional (2D) crystalline arrays that coat the entire cell, and they are thought to provide important functional properties.

A

S-layer (surface layer)

30
Q

Three (3) features of the eukaryotic cell’s DNA

A
  1. Enclosed with a nuclear membrane
  2. Several linear chromosomes
  3. Associated with histones and other proteins
31
Q
  • Have membrane-enclosed organelles
  • Divided by mitosis
A

Eukaryotic cell

32
Q

a cell’s full complement of genes

A

genome

33
Q

Eukaryotic DNA has ____ chromosomes within nucleus

A

linear chromosomes

34
Q

Much larger/more DNA (up to billions of base pairs)

A

Eukaryotic DNA

35
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is generally ____ _____ chromosome that aggregates to from the nucleoid region

A

single circular chromosome

36
Q
  • may also have plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA) that confer special properties
  • small, compact
A

prokaryotic DNA

37
Q

Prokaryotic DNA may also have _____ that confer special properties

A

plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA)

38
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is small, compact with ____ to ___

A

0.5-10 million base pairs

39
Q

Seven (7) properties of microbial cells

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Growth
  3. Evolution
  4. Differentiation
  5. Communication
  6. Genetic exchange
  7. Motility
40
Q

Cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel wastes.

A

Metabolism

41
Q

Replication, transcription, translation

A

Genetic

42
Q

creates identical DNA strands

A

Replication

43
Q

converts DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

transcription

44
Q

decodes mRNA into amino acids, forming proteins essential for life functions.

A

Translation

45
Q

energy, biosynthesis

A

catalytic

46
Q

Nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells

A

growth

47
Q

Cells evolve to display new properties.

A

Evolution

48
Q

Captures envolutionary relationships

A

Phylogenetic tree

49
Q

Some cells can form new cell structure such as spore

A

differentiation

50
Q

cells interact with each other by chemical messenger

A

communication

51
Q

cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms

A

genetic exchange

52
Q

Some cells are capable of self-propulsion ( they can move independently using metabolic energy)

A

Motility

53
Q

First cells appeared between ___ and ___ bya

A

3.8 and 4.3

54
Q

The atmosphere was anoxic until 2.6 bya

A
55
Q

no oxygen

A

anoxic

56
Q

first anoxygenic phototrophs ___ bya

A

3.6 bya

57
Q

0.5 bya

A

plants and animals

58
Q

how many microbial cells on earth?

A

~2 x 10^30 microbial cells on earth

59
Q

live in habitats too harsh for other life forms

A

Extremophiles

60
Q

refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment

A

ecosystem

61
Q

study of microbes in their natural environment

A

microbial ecology

62
Q

Microbial cells have huge contributions to ___ and ____

A

nitrogen (protein, RNA, DNA, peptidoglycan)
phosphorus (RNA, DNA, membranes)

63
Q

Six (6) examples of extremophiles

A
  1. Hyperthermophile
  2. Psychrophile
  3. Acidophile
  4. Alkaliphile
  5. Barophile (piezophile)
  6. Halophile
64
Q

Give the temperature of the following :
1. Hyperthermophile
2. Psychrophile
3. Acidophile
4. Alkaliphile
5. Barophile (piezophile)
6. Halophile

A
  1. High
  2. Low
  3. pH
  4. Low
  5. High
  6. Pressure
  7. Salt (NaCl)
65
Q

Give the genus/species and domain of the following:
1. Hyperthermophile
2. Psychrophile
3. Acidophile
4. Alkaliphile
5. Barophile (piezophile)
6. Halophile

A
  1. Methanopyrus kandleri
    - Archaea
  2. Psychromonas ingrahamii
    - Bacteria
  3. Picrophilus oshimae
    - Archaea
  4. Natronobacterium gregoryi
    - Archaea
  5. Moritella yayanosii
    - Bacteria
  6. Halobacterium salinarum
    - Archaea
66
Q

Give the habitat of the following:
1. Hyperthermophile
2. Psychrophile
3. Acidophile
4. Alkaliphile
5. Barophile (piezophile)
6. Halophile

A
  1. Undersea hydrothermal vents
  2. Sea ice
  3. Acidic hot springs
  4. Soda lakes
  5. Deep ocean sediments
  6. Salterns
67
Q

Give the minimum, optimum, and maximum of Hyperthermophile

A

°C
1. Min: 90
Opt: 106
Max: 122

68
Q
A

Microbiology (4 decks)

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