Lecture 29-37 Definitions

Question 1

Aerobic Exercise

Answer 1

rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions over a prolonged period of time, where most of the ATP used to power the muscles is generated by aerobic respiration

Question 2

Oxygen deficient

Answer 2

work is being done but not enough O2 to supply the ATP to power it.

Question 3

Phosphagen system

Answer 3

• Very fast rate of ATP production
• Very low capacity (ability to produce ATP)

Question 4

Glycolysis

Answer 4

• Fast rate of ATP production
• Low capacity (ability to produce ATP)

Question 5

Aerobic Systems

Answer 5

• Slow rate of ATP production
• very high capacity (ability to produce ATP)

Question 6

Aerobic capacity

Answer 6

VO2 max
- NOT the maximum global metabolic rate- you can generate more atp anaerobically
- Determines how intensely an individual can exercise in a steady state without significant supplementation by anaerobic mechanisms

Question 7

myostatin

Answer 7

muscle growth inhibitor

Question 8

Evolution

Answer 8

the process by which the frequencies of heritable genetic variants in populations of organisms change over generations

-POPULATIONS EVOLVE, INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP

Question 9

Heritable

Answer 9

genetic variation that can be passed from parents to offspring

Question 10

Natural selection

Answer 10

Describes the changes in allele frequencies that occur in a population over time (evolution) due to the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with different alleles

Question 11

Speciation

Answer 11

When population splits into two and they are so different that they no longer reproduce with one another
(very long process)

Question 12

EPAS1 (HIF-2a)

Answer 12

A gene in the HIF (Hypoxia Inducing Factors) pathway that is unregulated in low O2 conditions

Question 13

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 13

A hormone that regulates the number of red blood cells for hematocrit

Question 14

monogenism vs polygenism

Answer 14

whether human races were the same or different species

Question 15

Folk taxonomies

Answer 15

classification scheme generated by each human culture to describe the human variation (not based on an underlying scientific framework)

Question 16

scientific racism

Answer 16

scientific/ physiological evidence supporting the inferiority of certain human races

Question 17

Melanin pigments

Answer 17

Absorb UV radiation
-protects sensitive cellular components like DNA and giving skin its color

Question 18

Eugenics movement

Answer 18

Proposed that by selective breeding of humans, various “undesirable” physiological and cognitive traits could be bred out of society.

Question 19

U/P Ratio

Answer 19

Used to express differences in osmotic pressures (or the concentration of specific solutes) between the two

Question 20

Kidneys

Answer 20

site of urine formation

Question 21

Bladder

Answer 21

Stores urine

Question 22

Nephrons

Answer 22

the functional units of the kidney responsible for urine formation
- Long, thin tubules (also contain a lumen, lined with a single layer of epithelial cells)
- running though kidney layers in loops from cortex into medulla.

Question 23

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 23

volume of fluid entering the bowman’s capsules from the plasma per unit time.
- proportional to the glomerular filtration pressure, the total surface area available for filtration, and the permeability of the epithelial linings of capillaries and capsule.

Question 24

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 24

Initial ultrafiltration of primary urine from blood plasma

Question 25

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 25

Reabsorption of most filtrate, some secretion

Question 26

Loop of Henle

Answer 26

establishes the interstitial fluid osmotic gradient important for final urine formation in the collecting duct

Question 27

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 27

additional reabsorption and secretion

Question 28

Collecting duct

Answer 28

final adjustment of urine composition

Question 29

countercurrent multiplier effect

Answer 29

generates strong osmotic gradients in the medullary interstitial fluid

Question 30

Vasopressin

Answer 30

antidiuretic hormone - prevents the state of diuresis (production of copious dilute urine)

Question 31

RAAS system

Answer 31

Renin- angiotensin aldosterone system

Question 32

osmoreceptors

Answer 32

neurons that measure osmolarity - regulates vasopressin

Question 33

Urea

Answer 33

main nitrogenous waste compound in mammals

Question 34

SRY gene

Answer 34

y chromosome gene - most important event that activates the male typical gene network which then triggers development of the male phenotype

Question 35

Organizational- activational hypothesis

Answer 35

role of sex steroids in sculpturing neurophysiology - incomplete and overly simplistic hypothesis - hypothesis states that as the nervous system is building itself during development, it gets organized in different ways based on sex steroids, then later on there's acute affects that could change neuronal circuits

Question 36

Mosaic model

Answer 36

recognizes the importance of multiple factors and emphasizes that all humans have a mixture of brain traits, some "male typical" and more "female typical) on average

Question 37

Parthenogenetic species

Answer 37

derived from sexual ancestors, composed of only females that reproduce without fertilization

Question 38

Hermaphroditic species

Answer 38

organisms that possess both male and female reproductive organs, allowing them to produce both eggs and sperm.

Question 39

Sequential hermaphrodism

Answer 39

sex change

Question 40

Parturition

Answer 40

Regulated process of giving birth

Question 41

Lactation

Answer 41

regulated production of milk to feed infants

Question 42

Ovaries

Answer 42

gonads that secrete sex steroids (estrogen and progesterone) and produce gametes (eggs)

Question 43

Follicles

Answer 43

fluid filled aggregations of ovarian cells that have important endocrine functions

Question 44

corpus luteum

Answer 44

an endocrine structure that remaining follicular tissue differentiates into

Question 45

FSH

Answer 45

Follicle- Stimulating hormone - stimulates the growth and maturation of follicles

Question 46

LH

Answer 46

Lutenizing hormone

Question 47

Placenta

Answer 47

- tissues built from both fetal and maternal - where solutes and dissolved gases will be transported between parental and fetal circulation

Question 48

trophoblast

Answer 48

the outer cell layer of the early embryo - infiltrates the uterine epithelium and eventually develops into the placenta

Question 49

Parturition

Answer 49

Delivery

Question 50

Testes

Answer 50

male gonads - secrete sex steroids (high androgen secretion) and produce gametes (sperm)