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Systems Physiology > Lecture 29-37 Definitions > Flashcards

Lecture 29-37 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobic Exercise

A

rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions over a prolonged period of time, where most of the ATP used to power the muscles is generated by aerobic respiration

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2
Q

Oxygen deficient

A

work is being done but not enough O2 to supply the ATP to power it.

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3
Q

Phosphagen system

A
  • Very fast rate of ATP production
  • Very low capacity (ability to produce ATP)
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4
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Fast rate of ATP production
  • Low capacity (ability to produce ATP)
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5
Q

Aerobic Systems

A
  • Slow rate of ATP production
  • very high capacity (ability to produce ATP)
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6
Q

Aerobic capacity

A

VO2 max
- NOT the maximum global metabolic rate- you can generate more atp anaerobically
- Determines how intensely an individual can exercise in a steady state without significant supplementation by anaerobic mechanisms

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7
Q

myostatin

A

muscle growth inhibitor

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8
Q

Evolution

A

the process by which the frequencies of heritable genetic variants in populations of organisms change over generations

-POPULATIONS EVOLVE, INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP

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9
Q

Heritable

A

genetic variation that can be passed from parents to offspring

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

Describes the changes in allele frequencies that occur in a population over time (evolution) due to the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with different alleles

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11
Q

Speciation

A

When population splits into two and they are so different that they no longer reproduce with one another
(very long process)

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12
Q

EPAS1 (HIF-2a)

A

A gene in the HIF (Hypoxia Inducing Factors) pathway that is unregulated in low O2 conditions

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13
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone that regulates the number of red blood cells for hematocrit

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14
Q

monogenism vs polygenism

A

whether human races were the same or different species

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15
Q

Folk taxonomies

A

classification scheme generated by each human culture to describe the human variation (not based on an underlying scientific framework)

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16
Q

scientific racism

A

scientific/ physiological evidence supporting the inferiority of certain human races

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17
Q

Melanin pigments

A

Absorb UV radiation
-protects sensitive cellular components like DNA and giving skin its color

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18
Q

Eugenics movement

A

Proposed that by selective breeding of humans, various “undesirable” physiological and cognitive traits could be bred out of society.

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19
Q

U/P Ratio

A

Used to express differences in osmotic pressures (or the concentration of specific solutes) between the two

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20
Q

Kidneys

A

site of urine formation

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21
Q

Bladder

A

Stores urine

22
Q

Nephrons

A

the functional units of the kidney responsible for urine formation
- Long, thin tubules (also contain a lumen, lined with a single layer of epithelial cells)
- running though kidney layers in loops from cortex into medulla.

23
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

volume of fluid entering the bowman’s capsules from the plasma per unit time.
- proportional to the glomerular filtration pressure, the total surface area available for filtration, and the permeability of the epithelial linings of capillaries and capsule.

24
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Initial ultrafiltration of primary urine from blood plasma

25
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption of most filtrate, some secretion

26
Q

Loop of Henle

A

establishes the interstitial fluid osmotic gradient important for final urine formation in the collecting duct

27
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

additional reabsorption and secretion

28
Q

Collecting duct

A

final adjustment of urine composition

29
Q

countercurrent multiplier effect

A

generates strong osmotic gradients in the medullary interstitial fluid

30
Q

Vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone
- prevents the state of diuresis (production of copious dilute urine)

31
Q

RAAS system

A

Renin- angiotensin aldosterone system

32
Q

osmoreceptors

A

neurons that measure osmolarity
- regulates vasopressin

33
Q

Urea

A

main nitrogenous waste compound in mammals

34
Q

SRY gene

A

y chromosome gene
- most important event that activates the male typical gene network which then triggers development of the male phenotype

35
Q

Organizational- activational hypothesis

A

role of sex steroids in sculpturing neurophysiology
- incomplete and overly simplistic hypothesis
- hypothesis states that as the nervous system is building itself during development, it gets organized in different ways based on sex steroids, then later on there’s acute affects that could change neuronal circuits

36
Q

Mosaic model

A

recognizes the importance of multiple factors and emphasizes that all humans have a mixture of brain traits, some “male typical” and more “female typical) on average

37
Q

Parthenogenetic species

A

derived from sexual ancestors, composed of only females that reproduce without fertilization

38
Q

Hermaphroditic species

A

organisms that possess both male and female reproductive organs, allowing them to produce both eggs and sperm.

39
Q

Sequential hermaphrodism

A

sex change

40
Q

Parturition

A

Regulated process of giving birth

41
Q

Lactation

A

regulated production of milk to feed infants

42
Q

Ovaries

A

gonads that secrete sex steroids (estrogen and progesterone) and produce gametes (eggs)

43
Q

Follicles

A

fluid filled aggregations of ovarian cells that have important endocrine functions

44
Q

corpus luteum

A

an endocrine structure that remaining follicular tissue differentiates into

45
Q

FSH

A

Follicle- Stimulating hormone
- stimulates the growth and maturation of follicles

46
Q

LH

A

Lutenizing hormone

47
Q

Placenta

A
  • tissues built from both fetal and maternal
  • where solutes and dissolved gases will be transported between parental and fetal circulation
48
Q

trophoblast

A

the outer cell layer of the early embryo
- infiltrates the uterine epithelium and eventually develops into the placenta

49
Q

Parturition

A

Delivery

50
Q

Testes

A

male gonads
- secrete sex steroids (high androgen secretion) and produce gametes (sperm)

51
Q
A

Systems Physiology (9 decks)

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