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Immunology PY2 > Lecture 25: Lymphocyte Activation by Antigen Receptor & Fc Receptor Signalling > Flashcards

Lecture 25: Lymphocyte Activation by Antigen Receptor & Fc Receptor Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

what are 5 keys to effective T cell response?

A
  1. diversity/adapt
  2. Pathogen removal
  3. polarity (produce cytokines)
  4. memory
  5. regulation
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2
Q

what is the role of signal 3 cytokines?

A

drive naive CD4+ T cells to effector CD4+ T cells

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3
Q

cytokines secreted by CD4+ effector T cells can act as signal 3 for ___ cells

A

CD8+

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4
Q

T helper subsets are generally named for the major cytokines they ___

A

produce

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5
Q

after activation, Th cells commit to a subset through activation of a specific _____

A

transcription factor (master gene regulator)

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6
Q

t/f each effector T helper cell subset is characterized by a distinct polarizing cytokines that induce expression of a master gene regulator that regulates expression of signature effector cytokines involved in protective immune responses

A

t

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7
Q

the suite of polarizing cytokines and therefore the type of Th subset created is determined by what 4 things?

A
  1. cell type altered
  2. nature of pathogen
  3. pattern recognition receptor stimulated by PAMPs
  4. tissue context
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8
Q

what is the function of helper T cell subsets?

A

guides the generation of an optimal response to a given pathogen

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9
Q

t/f T helper subsets can cross-regulate one another

A

t

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10
Q

IFN-y promotes Th__ and suppresses Th__

A

Th1; Th2

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11
Q

IL-4 promotes Th__ and suppresses Th __

A

Th2 and Th1

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12
Q

t/f Th17 and Treg cells cross-regulate each other

A

t

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13
Q

Th1 and Th2 cross-regulation is mediated by ___ and ____

A

IFN-y and IL-4

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14
Q

IL-4 ___ (inhibits/increases) IL-12 secretion by APCs

A

inhibits

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15
Q

Th17 and Treg cross-regulation is mediated by the combination of ___ and ___

A

IL-6 and TGFB

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16
Q

___ and ___ inhibits FoxP3 expression

A

IL-6 TGFB

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17
Q

high levels of TGFB alone promotes ___ expression

A

Fox P3

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18
Q

IL-6 induces protective Th17 cells in the presence of ____

A

TGFB

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19
Q

when a pathogen is cleared, ___ drops and ____ dominates to induce Treg cells

A

IL-6; TGFB

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20
Q

the expression of Bcl-6 has what effect on T-Bet, GATA3 and RORyt expression?

A

inhibits

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21
Q

what is the effect of IL-2 on the development of Tfh cells?

A

inhibits

22
Q

what is the function of T follicular helper T cells?

A

provide cognate help to B cells and enhance switching to different classes of antibody

23
Q

Tfh cells express high levels of ___ and ___

A

CD40L and CXCR5

24
Q

what are the functions of the CD40L and CXCR5 found on T follicular helper cells?

A

CD40L: needed to provide help to B cells
CXCR5: attracts Tfh cells to B cell follicles

25
Q

cell-mediated immune responses eliminate what types of cells?

A

cells that have become malignant, of infected

26
Q

the cell-mediated immune response consists of antigen-specific effector cells, such as ____

A

CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T helper (Th1) cells

27
Q

the antigen-specific effector cells of the cell-mediated immune response work togther with what other cell types?

A

macrophages, NKT cells, NK cells, and non-specific effector cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils)

28
Q

what is the function of macrophages in cell-mediated immunity?

A

mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions

29
Q

cell mediated immunity requires cytokines made by what cell types (5)?

A
  1. Th1
  2. NK
  3. NKT
  4. dendritic cells
  5. macrophages
30
Q

NKT cells participate in both ___ and ___ immune responses

A

innate and adaptive

31
Q

NKT cells develop in the ____ where they undergo ____ rearrangement

A

thymus, TCR gene

32
Q

most NKT cells express what type of TCR?

A

invariant aB TCR

33
Q

what do the TCRs of NKT cells recognize?

A

glycolipid antigens presented by nonpolymorphic CD1 on APC and epithelial cells

34
Q

t/f NK cells are CD4+, CD8+ or CD4- CD8- cells

A

t

35
Q

NKT cells express proteins typical of ___ cells

A

NK

36
Q

do NKT cells form memory cells?

A

no

37
Q

what are the 2 main functions of NKT cells?

A
  1. as helper cells (secreting cytokines that shape response)
  2. as cytotoxic cells that kill by Fas interactions
38
Q

how do NKT cells act as cytotoxin cells?

A

by Fas Fas ligand interactions

39
Q

NKT cells function as a ____(delayed/rapid) response to provide ____(late/early) help (Th1 and Th2 cytokines) against invading pathogens

A

rapid, early

40
Q

NK cells use ___ receptors and the ____ model to provide an early cytotoxic response

A

NK; balanced signals

41
Q

how do NK cells impact adaptive immunity?

A

by promoting Th1 differentiation, inhibiting Th2 development and driving CD8+ induction by their production of IFN-y

42
Q

t/f NK cells are necessary for optimal CTL function

A

t

43
Q

NK cells are constitutively active due to ___, ___ and ___ expression

A

granzyme, perforin and Fas ligand

44
Q

NK, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages express ___ receptors for the Fc regions of ____, allowing ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A

CD16; IgG

45
Q

what are ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) reactions?

A

nonspecific killer cells are directed to kill IgG-coated target cells

46
Q

when NK cells are activated through their CD16 receptors, what do they release? What pathway do they use to kill?

A

the contents of their cytoplasmic granules (granzymes and perforin); fas pathway

47
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages activated through their Fc regions release ___ . Do they become more or less metabolically active?

A

the lytic contents of their lysosomes; more

48
Q

activated NK cells, monocytes and macrophages also release ____ which kills certain target cells

A

TNF alpha

49
Q

a small population of double negative T cells in the skin, intestines, and pulmonary system express the ___-type TCR that is not restricted in activity by self MHC

A

delta gamma

50
Q

the delta gamma TCR cells are thought to act as first line defense against cancer and infection based on their ability to respond directly to _____ antigens and mediate cytotoxicity

A

heat shock

51
Q

what are thymic (naturally occuring) CD4CD25+ T reg cells?

A

cells genrated in the thymus that move to the periphery to regulate activity of other T cells

Immunology PY2 (20 decks)

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