Lecture 23 Milk Hygiene and Poultry Inspection Flashcards
Who is responsible for the public health safety of food including milk and milk products?
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) i
The primary tool for regulation and monitoring of production and sell of Grade A milk is?
U.S. Public Health Service – Grade A Pasteurized Milk
Ordinance (PMO)
All raw milk is tested for
beta lactam antibiotics
Who helps ensure compliances with PMO?
- The National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS),
helps set standards and ensures compliance
Who oversees Grade B milk manufacturing?
established and
overseen by USDA
What are the requirements of Grade A raw milk pasteurizations?
- *Milk from an individual producer can not have more
than100,000 bacteria per ml and < 750,000 somatic cells per ml. - After mixing with milk from other producers (comingling), not
more than 300,000 bacteria/ml - Must NOT have detectable antibiotic residues
- Cooled <45F within 2 hours of first milking
Grade A pastereurized milk and milk product bacterial limits must not exceed:
20,000 per ml;
Grade A pastereurized milk and milk product coliforms musts not exceed:
10 per ml
How is grade (formerly Grade B) raw milk manufactured?
Milk from an individual producer can not have more than1,000,000
bacteria per ml
* After commingling, not more than 3,000,000 bacteria/ml
* Must NOT have detectable antibiotic residues
* Can only be used for cheese, powdered milk, etc
Inspection Standards Summary:
Grade A:
- “Voluntary” program
- Adhere to Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO)
- Prescriptive and higher standards
- Farm inspection 2x/yr
- Plant inspection 4x/yr
- Required for yoghurt and fluid milk
Inspection Standards Summary
Grade B:
- Everyone else
- USDA Guidelines for Milk for Manufacturing purposes
- More Lenient
- Farm inspection 1x/year
- Plant inspection 2x/yr
- Cheese, butter, ice cream…
Grade A pasteurized cultured products has no:
- limit on total bacterial count
- BUT coliforms cant exceed 10 per ml
How must you store milk products?
- Nonlactating separate from lactating drugs
Other chemicals/drugs not in the milkhouse
* Pesticides
* Small animal drugs
How do you prevent drug residues?
Avoid mixing up drugs
* Clear identification
What are the requirements for drug labelling?
Drug labelling requirements are consistent with AMDUCA
* Prescription
* Over-the-Counter
* Extra label
What are the common causes of milk residues?
- Not identifying treated cows and/or no treatment records
- Not segregating treated cows (fence jumping)
- Using common milking equipment or vacuums for treated and healthy
cows - Failure to observe the milk discard time indicated on the drug label.
What are the basic steps in milk processing at the plants?
- Filtration/Clarification
- Separation
- Standardization
- Pasteurization
a. Regeneration unit
b. Pasteurization unit
c. Holding tubes - Flow diversion valve
- Homogenization
- Deaeration (or
Vacuumization) - Refrigeration
What is filtration/clarification?
Raw milk is pumped under pressure through a filter to remove
visible dirt and foreign particles.
* The filter does not remove leukocytes or bacteria. A centrifugal
clarifier may also be used
What is separation?
Centrifugal force separates the lighter cream from the milk serum (skim milk)
What is standardization?
Skim milk and cream are re-mixed to achieve an exact butter
fat content of a product (e.g., 1% or 2% milk).
* Whole milk has a minimum of 3.25% butter fat content and
skim milk has < 0.5% butter fat.
What is pasteurization?
The pasteurization process is often divided into three parts
* Regeneration unit
* Pasteurization unit
* Holding tubes
High temperature, short time (HTST):
* 720C/1610F for 15 seconds; 16-21 day shelf life
Ultra high temperature (UHT):
* 1380C/2800F for 2 seconds; extended shelf life of 2-3 months
What is the flow diversion valve?
Measures the temperature of the milk
* If it is below one of the acceptable pasteurization temperature, Then milk is diverted to the raw milk tank
* And goes through the process again.
What is homogenization?
- The atomization of milk under high pressure to break the globules down to approximately 2 µg or less.
- Homogenized milk will not separate, tastes richer and is more
digestible. - This unit is often found between the regeneration and
pasteurization units.
What is deaeration (or vacuumization)?
- Expels gases and malodorous volatile substances.
- Used by some plants to remove “feed” flavor (often associated with
the feeding of certain silage) and undesirable odors (e.g. wild onion).