Lecture 22 PM Inspection Basics Flashcards
What is the post-mortem inspection of livestock and poultry process?
Refers to process of inspecting the parts of the
animal after it has been slaughtered
* Take into account all steps from stunning to
chilling
Starts after AM till the very end
Prevent Unwholesome, Adulterated and
Misbranded items from entering commerce
PM Livestock is guided by
FMIA section 604
PM Poultry is guided by
PPIA section 455(b)
PM Inspection ensures what?
“Adulterated shall apply to any carcass, part thereof, meat or meat food
product under one or more circumstances (for example: if it contains
poisonous substances, pesticides, or chemicals; or if it has been prepared
under insanitary conditions).”
* Prevent Unwholesome-Unfit for human consumption
Misbranded meads what?
This term applies to any carcass, part thereof, meat or meat
food product whose labeling is false or mis- leading in any particular way
The PM visual exam includes:
lesions, swelling, discoloration, hemorrhage
Look at lymph nodes
Olfactory examination includes
necrotic tissue, uremia, ketosis, other inedible compounds
EX: Hepatic abscess in bovine caused by Fusobacterium
Palpation includes:
Abnormal tissue beneath
the surface
Normal appearing tissues
with pathologic changes
Incision durion PM allows for
Exposure of underlying
pathologic changes
What are some general considerations in PM inspections?
- Wholesomeness
- Consumer acceptability
a. Nutritional value
b. Aesthetic appearance
What are the disposition principles for wholesomeness?
a. Normal vs. abnormal tissue
b. Localized vs. generalized
c. Conditions affecting physiologic functions
d. Conditions injurious to consumer health
What makes something normal vs abnormal tissue?
- Minor lesions (bruises) may be
trimmed without further
consideration - Diseased tissue must be
discarded - Remaining tissues may be
passed
Localized means??
No changes to
general health
Generalized means
Loss of health,
often with lymphatic or
circulatory involvement
What conditions affect physiologic functions?
Primary lesion may be localized yet have effects on other body parts
* Parasitism or excessively worn teeth → emaciation
* Obstructive urolithiasis → uremia
* Hepatic cirrhosis → icterus
What conditions are injurious to consumer health?
Infectious, toxic, or otherwise harmful
agents present in carcass?
* Biological hazards
* Chemical hazards
What are the disposition principles for consumer acceptability?
Nutritional value
* Bovine and hog tongues may be
sold easily whereas tongues from
sheep and goat are not
Aesthetic appearance
* Not all disposition relates to public
health
What are the Characteristics
for building materials or
equipment in a food
-handling facility?
- Imperviousness to
chemicals and
microorganisms - Resistance to wear
and tear and corrosion - Ease of cleaning
What are the three possible PM disposition outcomes?
- Passed-Eligible to receive a mark of inspection
- Retained-Must be retained for
veterinary disposition - Condemned-No mark of
inspection, does not enter
commerce
What are the actions on a retained product?
Must be placed in lockable room or container
The key retained under the sole control of the inspector
What are the methods used to destroy inedible or condemned products?
- Hashing
- Rendering
- Incineration
- Denaturing
- De-characterization
What is Offal?
- In red meat, edible parts of the animal other than the muscle
- In poultry, inedible parts of the bird
Liver:
* One of the commonly processed offal products
* Involves removal of gall bladder, hepatic and portal lymph nodes, and excess fat
Beef and pork hearts:
* The ventricle walls are incised and inspected visually on the kill floor
* Examined by palpation during offal inspection
Offal inspection of beef tongue and pork tongues:
- Before offal inspection, tonsillar tissue should be inspected and removed
- Inspection includes visual observation of ulcers and lacerations as well as
palpation to detect abnormalities - Tongue worms and abscesses are important considerations when examining
pork tongues
Inspection of Head muscles:
- In cattle, muscle from the cheek and poll areas often is salvaged
- Offal inspection allows for second opportunity to examine for lesions such as
cysticercosis and eosinophilic myositis
Is beef tail saved?
Yes, routinely by most plants
Are kidneys saved?
saved for food but condemned if lesions are present
Are lungs saved?
Consumed in some parts of the
world, mainly as sausage stuffing
* The trachea, aorta, and pulmonary
artery and vein are removed
Are the spleen, pancreas, and thymus save?
Trimmed to remove any surface fat and are primarily used in sausage manufacture
Testes saved?
Are usually suitable for sauté or frying in some countries
* Epididymis is trimmed off
Udders?
- Used in manufactured meat products in some countries
- Sliced and washed to remove milk
Uteri?
Uteri from nongravid **pigs **are collected and usually poached or boiled or they
may be dried and smoked
What about blood?
Used to produce blood sausage in certain areas of the world
Blood is considered a significant health hazard because?
Blood is an excellent medium for bacterial growth
What is tripe?
Includes the rumen (blanket) and reticulum (honeycomb)
* In some areas, the omasum (bible) and abomasum (reed or vell) are also
popular
What is chitterlings and how is it processed?
swine large intestine
Processing involves removal of fecal contents (stripping), splitting, washing,
cleaning and chilling
What is considered the inedible offal?
Inedible offal is all other parts of the animal that are not saved for distribution to consumers
Adulterated, uninspected, or not intended for use as human food. Some examples of inedible materials from cattle include hair, pizzles, hooves, stomachs and intestines with contents and lungs
Edible and inedible offal varies from establishment to establishment.
Byproducts – Edible byproducts may include items derived from the viscera, head,
tail, etc. (e.g., pigs knuckles).
What are the generalized infectious conditions that condemn animals PM?
Pathologic conditions of bacterial etiology or viral etiology–> TB, arthritis, actinobacillosism actinomycosis, bovine taeniasis
Septicemia
pyemia
toxcemia
IF animal has TB reactors or is free of lesions ar PM then it is
passed only for cooking
If animal has localized TB lesions then
- Primary organ is condemned and the rest of the
carcass passed for cooking
If animal has extensive TB lesions or in LN that drain several organs
e.g., inguinal or popliteal
lymph node,
* the entire carcass is condemned
If animal has arthritis then
Affected joints are trimmed off and the rest
of the carcass passed unrestricted
Athritic animal is only condemned if
systematic changes
are present
Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis animals
If there is no systemic involvement, the affect
part or organ only need be condemned
Animals with Bovine taeniasis (aka cysticercosis or beef measles) must have
Heart and masseter muscles are
inspected thoroughly
If animal has Cysticercosis or beef measles and <4 cysts are present then
the carcass must be passed for
freezing
If animal has Cysticercosis or beef measles and excessive (>4 cysts) infestation is
present
the carcass must be condemned
In swine taeniasis the only difference is that if <4 lesions of taeniasis (Cysticercus cellulosae) are present
the carcass must be passed for cooking only
In cystercercosis or beef measles the cysts have to be destroyed by:
Freezing:
- bone-in carcasses at -10ºC (15ºF) or less for at least 10 days
(or -18ºC [0ºF] for 3 days)
* Deboned meat at -10ºC (15ºF) or less for at least 20 days.
The cysts are also destroyed when meat is heated to 60ºC (140ºF) but this means of control cannot be regulated as effectively as freezing
Liver abscesses are common conditions of?
Feedlot cattle and 10% of liver condemnations
Condemned for human food
but some can be trimmed and used in animal food
Liver flukes are
Condemned for aesthetic reasons
“White spotty” Liver is due to
- migration of Ascaris suum
- Damage liver and lung during migration
- Condemned due to aesthetics
- Possible bile duct occlusion
- Check for icterus
What is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
- Chronic progressive degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle.
How is BSE treated?
No treatment and affected cattle die. BSE is classified as a transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy (TSE). Produce spongiform changes in the brain
* The causative agent for BSE has not been determined -“slow virus” or a “virino” VS “prion”
In BSE they prohibit what?
slaughter of Non ambulatory disabled “Downer’ cattle and the consumption of
Specified Risk Material
* Older Cattle-tonsils and distal ileum
* 30 months of age and younger-The skull, eyes, brain, and trigeminal ganglia
The vertebral column, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
What are PM generalized noninfectious conditions?
Emacition –> condemned
Asphyxia –> condemned
Pigmentary conditions:
- Icterus –> condemned
- melanosis–> can be trimmed and the carcass passed for food if few but condemmed if excessive
Miscellaneous noninfectious conditions
Bruises
may be trimmed out and the remaining normal tissue passed for food
Miscellaneous noninfectious conditions
Porcine Stress Syndrome
depletion of glycogen reserves in muscle
- Pale, soft, exudative pork (PSE)
- Dark, firm, dry pork (DFD)
In Porcine Stress Syndrome what is the difference between PSE and DFD?
PSE: high temp, decreases in pH
DFD: reduced lactic acid production and high pH
Miscellaneous noninfectious conditions
Strong sexual odor
May be incorporated in a comminuted producted such as sausage (pass restricted)
Miscellaneous noninfectious conditions
Chemical residues
Not obvious at PM exam
Suspected carcass is retained for subsequent lab analysis
What is muscular hemorrhage?
aka “Blood splash”, “Slaughter Hemorrhage”
Blood splash, most common with electrical stunning but not with CO2 or electrical slaughter
Disposition:
- Safe for human use (trim affected areas,
and/or grind to hide)
* Discard carcass if extensive
What is eosinophilic myositis?
- Discolored muscle (clusters of eosinophils)
- Green color may fade to gray or white once
exposed to air - Unfit for human food due to offensive
appearance
Summary
- Localized lesions can be trimmed if
no secondary systems are affected
by the initial assault
Summary
Generalized conditions usually result in
condemnation of carcass
Summary
Well-circumscribed benign neoplasia may be (blank) or the affected organ (blank) however a carcass with malignant neoplasia must be (blank).
trimmed, condemned, condemned
Summary
Types of restricted
product treatment
- Refrigeration
- Heating
- Cooking
- Use in comminuted
cooked meat food
product
