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BIOSCI107 > Lecture (21) : The composition and features of blood > Flashcards

Lecture (21) : The composition and features of blood Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood does the average person have?

A

~5L

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2
Q

How do blood vessels change flow?

A

Large vessels = High volume/low flow (Except aorta)
Small vessels = Low volume / high flow

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3
Q

Where does exchange/perfusion occur in the vascular network?

A

At the vast network of capillaries - they are tiny and require high pressure to force blood through

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4
Q

What ensures pressurised directional flow?

A
  • Heart acts as a pump, contains valves to prevent backflow/create a pressure chamber
  • Muscular arteries to sustained pressurised one way flow
  • Bicuspid valves in the venous network prevent backflow in these much lower pressure vessels (muscle contraction squeezes them to push blood towards the heart)

They ensure blood flow from lungs to tissue and organs.

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5
Q

What does blood pressure ensure?

A
  1. Even and efficient flow through the small capillaries
  2. Low enough to prevent capillary leakage (i.e high pressure can force blood/fluid out of the capillaries) but high enough to avoid coagulation (stagnant blood starts to clot / coagulate)
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6
Q

Describe venous and arterial blood in terms of oxygenation:

A

Arterial: Oxygenated (except pulmonary artery)
Venous: Deoxygenated (except pulmonary vein)

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7
Q

What are the six major components of blood? (four as must knows)

A
  1. CELLS (RBC, WBC, Myeloid)
  2. PROTEINS (albumin, fibroninogen and many more i.e immunoglobulins i.e IgG)
  3. LIPIDS (bound to lipoproteins i.e HDL, LDL, VLDL (high, low, very low density lipoprotin)
  4. ELECTROLYTES i.e salts and minerals, HCO3, Na, CL, Ca, Mg, Creatinine
  5. Vitamins, hormones
  6. Glucose
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8
Q

When blood is centrifuged with anticoagulant what are the layers formed?

A
  • Plasma (55%)
  • Buffy coat, composed of WBC and platelets
  • Red Blood Cells
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9
Q

What are the cells of the blood?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), and platelets (coagulation and tissue repair)

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10
Q

Describe whats found when the plasma component of blood is further processed from the centrifuge:

A

Plasma: Viscous fraction of blood w/o cells. Contains FIBRINOGEN that is removed with coagulation

=

Serum: Less viscous yellow liquid that remains after the removal of the clot. When this undergoes serum electrophoresis (electric current separates proteins based on size) five distinct bands form:

  1. Albumin (~50%)
  2. Globulin (~40%) Which is further divided into: Alpha1,, Alpha2, Beta, Gamma (Immunoglobulins) (ANTIBODIES)
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11
Q

When is serum electrophoresis useful?

A

In the diagnosis of multiple myeloma as there is enhanced production of immunoglobulins (enhanced thickness and darkness of bands on the electrophoresis gel)

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12
Q

What are the major blood proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Fibrinogen
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13
Q

Write some notes on albumin:

A

Albumin: Constitutes ~50% of total blood protein. Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure. Binds and transports many small molecules, hormones.

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14
Q

Write some notes on fibrinogen:

A

Fibrinogen: Constitutes ~7% total blood protein. Activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross linked fibrin.

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15
Q

What are the other major blood components in addition to albumin and fibrinogen? (components 3,4,5,6)

A
  1. Immunoglobulins aka Antibodies
  2. Complement factors
  3. Coagulation factors
  4. Electrolytes
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16
Q

Write some notes on immunoglobulins:

A

Immunoglobulins aka antibodies, diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins produced by B lymphocytes (Used to flag badness inside the body)

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17
Q

Write some notes on complement factors:

A

9 Different proteins that act in a cascade together. C3 is the infamous component for coating bacteria (opsinonisation) which enhances the signal for phagocytosis.

Gross simplification of the entire process.

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18
Q

Write some notes on coagulation factors:

A

13 proteins that are cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Calcium is essential for coagulation.

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19
Q

What condition is a result of missing coagulation factors?

A

Heamophilia, deficiency of factor VIII is the most common form.

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20
Q

Write some notes on electrolytes:

A

Electrolytes determine the isotonicity of blood (osmotic pressure etc). Electrolytes also buffer blood i.e H+ vs HCO3 maintaining the blood pH very tightly.

Free Ca and K ions also tightly maintained as critical in the regulation of the voltage potential across a membrane and thus the function of ion pumps etc.

21
Q

What cell is CD34+ marker important to and why?

A

Multipotent (capable of differentiating into several cell types) hemapoetic stem cells have CD34 and anti-CD34 antibodies are used to identify these in blood and concentrate them prior to a bone marrow transplant. (i.e ensuring the transplant has heaps of these cells so it can work)

22
Q

Describe the origin of blood cell tree:

A
23
Q

What is heamatopoesis?

A

Production of blood

24
Q

What are the three important factors that drive heamatopoesis?

A

GM-CSF (Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor)
EPO (Erythropoetin)
G-CSF (Granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

25
Q

Write some notes on GM-CSF:

A

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor:

  • Produced by macrophages, T cells, Endothelial cells and fibroblasts
  • Stimulate the production of:

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils and Monocytes

26
Q

Write some notes on EPO:

A

Erythropoetin

  • Drives production of RBC
  • Produced mainly be kidney in adult

[Mainly produced by liver perinatally]

27
Q

Write some notes on G-CSF:

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

  • Produced by many different cells
  • Stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils
28
Q

What heamopoetic factors are administered in leukemia patients following radioablation?

A

GCSF and GMCSF, in order to repopulate white cells in leukeamia patients

29
Q

How are the lungs optimised for gas exchange?

A

Provides vast surface area for efficient exchange of O2 and CO2.

30
Q

Describe the role of heamoglobin and oxygen transport:

A

Each RBC has many heamoglobin units.

  • Each hemoglobin has four heame binding sites and therefore can bind four oxygen molecules.
31
Q

What regulates the association and dissociation of oxygen from heamoglobin in the RBC?

A

The partial pressure of oxygen regulates the association and dissociation of oxygen to heameoglobin.

Partial pressure is in essence how hard the oxygen pushes itself onto the heamoglobin.

32
Q

Describe the complement system and innate immunity:

i.e what activates the system and what happens as outcomes. Specific complements etc

A

Complements can be activated in several ways, several youre expected to know include:

  1. Activation by antibody (“Classical activation”)
  2. Lectin activation
  3. Alternative activation

These 3 mechanisms result in the conversion of C3:C5a/4a/3a complex into C3B and release of C5a or C4a or C3a.

  • C5a/4a/3a are released to attract and activate phagocytes.
  • C3b go on to oponise bacteria and they also convert C5 to C5B which forms lytic pores in bacteria (Water flows down osmotic gradient and lyses bacteria).

NB: C3 is most common complement
NB: C5a/C4a/C3a are not bound togther, just listening different possible complexes to C3.
NB: Components numbered in order of discovery.

33
Q

Describe an example of the classical activation of compliment:

A

Antibodies (specifically IgM or IgG (immunoglobulin)) produced by the B cells bind antigens on the surface of the bacteria.

C1 complement factor (Specifically) can bind these antibodies.

This in turn activates C3 convertase which transforms into C5 convertase and subsequently into the membrane attack complex (lytic pore) resulting in membrane rupture (lysis) of the cell.

34
Q

What sort of cascade is the compliment cascade?

A

Proteolytic activation cascade

35
Q

What part of the immune system does the complment system belong to?

A

Internal innate immune system

36
Q

What is opsonisation essential for?

A

Phagocytosis

37
Q

What are deposited complement complexes called? and why? What sort of bonding are formed in these complexes?

A

Deposited complexes are called convertases. These these activate more compliment that then deposits to coat the surface.

Convertases are irreversibly bound through covalent bonds

38
Q

What effect does cleave of C3,C4 and C5 complements have?

A

Cleavage of C3,4 and especially C5 produce small fragments (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are powerful chemoattractants called anaphylotoxins that attract and activate neutrophils.

39
Q

What happens following the end stage compliment?

A

End stage compliment (C5 onwards) form a lytic pore that cause some bacteria to lyse. This is the membrane attack complex (MAC)

40
Q

What happens if you are deficient in compliment factors?

A

Susceptible to chronic infections

41
Q

How do microbes combat the complement factors?

A

Many microbes produce proteins called virulence factors that inhibit the complement cascade.

42
Q

What are the two pathways of coagulation?

A

1) Intrinsic pathway (Contact with surfaces) (factors 8-12)
2) Extrinsic pathway (TISSUE DAMAGE) (Tissue factor 5,7)

43
Q

What coagulation factor is common to the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation?

A

Factor X

44
Q

Describe the coagulation pathway:

A

Activation of factor X -> Factor Xa

  • Factor Xa converts prothrombin to thrombin
  • Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
  • Fibrin crosslinks to form a clot.
45
Q

What is essential for the coagulation cascade? Electrolyte…

A

Calcium is essential a number of steps. Remove Ca and blood does not clot.

46
Q

What do parasites and other microbes do to stop clotting?

A

Inhibit the action of thrombin i.e its ability to cleave fibrinogen.

47
Q

What is the function of plasminogen in coagulation?

A

Plasminoagen is converted to activated plasmin which dissolves clots (Thrombolysis)

48
Q

How can plasminogen be activated?

A

Plasminogen activators i.e Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or Streptokinase

  • Widely used to treat thrombosis.

BIOSCI107 (12 decks)

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